| Section I Physics and Instrumentation
1. General Principles of Echocardiography
2. Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
3. Doppler Principles
4. Tissue Doppler, Myocardial Work: Physics and Techniques
5. Speckle Tracking and Strain Measurements: Principles, Techniques and Limitations
6. Clinical Utility of Global Longitudinal Strain Section II Transthoracic Echocardiography
7. Transthoracic Echocardiography: Nomenclature and Standard Views
8. Technical Quality and Tips
9. Transthoracic Echocardiography Tomographic Views
10. M-Mode Echocardiography
11. Doppler Echocardiography: Normal Antegrade Flow Patterns Section III Transesophageal Echocardiography
12. Introduction to Transesophageal Echocardiography: Indications, Risks, Complications, and Protocol
13. Transesophageal Echocardiography Tomographic Views
14. Applications of Transesophageal Echocardiography
15. Pitfalls and Artifacts in Transesophageal Echocardiography Section IV Hand-Held Echocardiography
16. Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound: Background, Instrumentation and Technique
17. Echocardiography in Emergency Clinical Presentation Section V Contrast Echocardiography
18. Ultrasound Contrast Agents
19. Physical Properties of Microbubble Ultrasound Contrast Agents
20. Applications of Ultrasound Contrast Agents
21. Use of Contrast in the ICU and Emergency Department
22. Technical Aspects of Contrast Echocardiography Section VI Left Ventricular Systolic Function
23. Left Ventricular Systolic Function: Basic Principles
24. Global Left Ventricular Systolic Function: Ejection Fraction Versus Strain
25. Regional Left Ventricular Systolic Function
26. Myocardial Strain in Valvular Heart Disease Section VII Right Heart
27. Right Ventricular Anatomy
28. The Physiologic Basis of Right Ventricular Echocardiography
29. Imaging the Right Heart: Limitations and Technical Considerations
30. Assessment of Right Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function
31. Right Ventricular Hemodynamics
32. The Right Atrium
33. Pulmonary Embolism Section VIII Diastolic Function
34. Physiology of Diastole
35. Echo Doppler Parameters of Diastolic Function
36. Clinical Recommendations for Echocardiography Laboratories for Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Filling Pressures
37. Causes of Diastolic Dysfunction Section IX Left Atrium
38. Assessment of Left Atrial Size
39. Assessment of Left Atrial Function Section X Ischemic Heart Disease
40. Ischemic Heart Disease: Which Test to Use?
41. Ischemic Heart Disease: Basic Principles
42. Acute Chest Pain Syndromes: Differential Diagnosis
43. Echocardiography in Acute Myocardial Infarction
44. Echocardiography in Stable Coronary Artery Disease
45. Old Myocardial Infarction
46. End-Stage Cardiomyopathy Due to Coronary Artery Disease
47. Coronary Artery Anomalies
48. Coronary Artery Imaging Section XI Stress Echocardiography
49. Effects of Exercise, Pharmacological Stress and Pacing on the Cardiovascular System
50. Diagnostic Criteria and Accuracy
51. Stress Echocardiography: Methodology
52. Stress Echocardiography: Image Acquisition
53. Stress echocardiography: Prognosis
54. Echocardiography for the Assessment of Myocardial Viability in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
55. Contrast-Enhanced Stress Echocardiography
56. Stress Echocardiography for Valve Disease: Aortic Regurgitation and Mitral Stenosis
57. Stress Echocardiography: Comparison with Other Techniques Section XII Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies
58. Pathophysiology and Variants of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
59. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, Functional Features and Treatment of Outflow Tract Obstruction
60. Differential of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Secondary Conditions That Mimic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
61. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Assessment of Therapy
62. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Screening of Relatives
63. Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
64. The Role of Echocardiography in the Screening and Evaluation of Athletes
65. Echocardiographic Assessment of Myocarditis Section XIII Dilated and Other Cardiomyopathies
66. Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Etiology, Pathophysiology and Echocardiographic Evaluation
67. Echocardiographic Predictors of Outcome in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
68. Right Ventricle in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
69. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Classification
70. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
71. Hereditary and Acquired Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy
72. Endomyocardial Fibrosis
73. Restriction versus Constriction
74. Echocardiography in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
75. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
76. Familial Cardiomyopathies Grace Hsieh, Jennifer Hellawell, Frederick L. Ruberg, Omar Siddiqi and Ravin Davidoff
77. Echocardiography in Cor Pulmonale and/or Pulmonary Heart Disease Section XIV Aortic Stenosis
78. Aortic Stenosis Morphology
79. Quantification of Aortic Stenosis Severity
80. Aortic Stenosis: Risk Stratification and Timing of Surgery
81. Risk Stratification - Timing of Surgery
82. Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
83. Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
84. Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis
85. Subaortic Stenosis Section XV Aortic Regurgitation
86. Aortic Regurgitation: Etiologies and Left Ventricular Responses
87. Aortic Regurgitation: Pathophysiology
88. Quantitation of Aortic Regurgitation
89. Risk Stratification: Timing of Surgery and Percutaneous Interventions for Aortic Regurgitation Section XVI Mitral Stenosis
90. Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
91. Quantification of Mitral Stenosis
92. Nonrheumatic Etiologies of Mitral Stenosis: Situations that Mimic Mitral Stenosis
93. Role of Hemodynamic Stress Testing in Mitral Stenosis
94. Consequences of Mitral Stenosis Section XVII Mitral Regurgitation
95. Etiologies and Mechanisms of Mitral Valve Dysfunction
96. Mitral Valve Prolapse
97. Secondary Mitral Regurgitation
98. Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation
99. Asymptomatic Severe Mitral Regurgitation
100. Role of Exercise Stress Testing in Mitral Regurgitation Section XVIII Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valve Disease
101. Tricuspid Valve Complex: Anatomy by 2D and 3D Echocardiography
102. Epidemiology, Etiology and Natural History of Tricuspid Regurgitation
103. Quantification of Tricuspid Regurgitation
104. Indications for Tricuspid Valve Intervention
105. Imaging for Surgical and Percutaneous Tricuspid Valve Procedures
106. Device-Lead Associated Tricuspid Regurgitation
107. Pulmonic Regurgitation, Etiology, and Quantification
108. Chapter
108. Tricuspid and Pulmonic Stenosis Section XIX Prosthetic Valves
109. Classification of Prosthetic Valve Types and Fluid Dynamics
110. Aortic Prosthetic Valves
111. Mitral Prosthetic Valves
112. Mitral Valve Repair
113. Tricuspid and Pulmonic Prosthetic Valves Section XX Infective Endocarditis
114. Infective Endocarditis: Role of Transthoracic versus Transesophageal Echocardiography
115. Echocardiography for Prediction of Cardioembolic Risk
116. Limitations and Technical Considerations in Infective Endocarditis
117. Echocardiography and Decision Making for Surgery
118. Intraoperative Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis Section XXI Pericardial Disease
119. Normal Pericardial Anatomy
120. Pericarditis
121. Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
122. Constrictive Pericarditis
123. Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis
124. Pericardial Cysts and Congenital Absence of the Pericardium Section XXII Tumors and Masses
125. Primary Benign, Mailgnant and Metastatic Tumors in the Heart
126. Left Ventricular Thrombus
127. Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus
128. Right Heart Thrombi
129. Normal Anatomic Variants and Artifacts Section XXIII Diseases of the Aorta
130. Aortic Atherosclerosis and Embolic Events
131. Aortic Aneurysm
132. Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
133. Aortic Dissection
134. Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer and Intramural Hematoma
135. Blunt Aortic Trauma
136. Intraoperative Echocardiography
137. Postoperative Echocardiography of the Aorta
138. Aortitis Section XXIV Adult Congenital Heart Diseases
139. Congenital Heart Disease: Basic Principles
140. Systematic Approach to Adult Congenital Heart Disease
141. Common Congenital Heart Defects Associated with Left-to-Right Shunts
142. Obstructive Lesions
143. The Adult with Unrepaired Complex Congenital Heart Defects
144. Adult Congenital Heart Disease with Prior Surgical Repair Section XXV Systemic Diseases
145. Hypertension
146. Diabetes Mellitus
147. End-Stage Renal Disease
148. Obesity
149. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
150. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
151. Antiphospholipid Syndrome
152. Carcinoid Heart Disease
153. Amyloid
154. Sarcoidosis
155. Cardiac Involvement in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
156. Endocrine Disease
157. Chagas Cardiomyopathy
158. Sickle Cell Disease
159. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
160. Cardiotoxic Effects of Cancer Therapy
161. Pregnancy and the Heart
162. Cocaine
163. Incidental Non-cardiovascular Findings on Echocardiography Section XXVI Interventional Echocardiography
164. Evaluation of patients undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
165. Mitral Valve Balloon Valvuloplasty
166. Percutaneous Mitral Edge-to-Edge Repair
167. Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement
168. Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Implantation
169. Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defect Closure
170. Transcatheter Closure of Cardiac Pseudoaneurysms
171. Echocardiographic Imaging of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
172. Periprosthetic Leaks
173. Echo-Guided Biopsy of Intracardiac Masses
174. Vacuum Extraction of Intracardiac Masses Section XXVII Echocardiography in Heart Failure
175. Systematic Echocardiographic Approach to Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy
176. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Impella, and Other Circulatory Mechanical Support
177. Post Heart Transplant Echocardiographic Evaluation
178. Pulmonary Hypertension
179. Echocardiography in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction | 
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