Â
DESCRIPTION:
Â
Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side.Â
Provides a quick reference for the busy clinician covering diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics and restorative dentistry
Offers identically formatted chapters following the same clear and concise layout with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions
Features a companion website with additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes
Â
Â
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Â
1 Aggressive Periodontitis 1
1. 1 Definition  1
1.
1. 1 Primary Features 1
1.
1. 2 Secondary Features 1
1. 2 Classification  1
1. 3 Prevalence 1
1. 4 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 1
1.
4. 1 Bacteria 2
1.
4. 2 Genetic Susceptibility  2
1.
4. 3 Smoking 2
1. 5 Screening  2
1. 6 Diagnosis 2
1. 7 Prognosis 2
1. 8 Treatment 2
1.
8. 1 Systemic Antibiotics  3
1.
8. 2 Local Antimicrobials  3
References  8
2 Amelogenesis Imperfecta 11
2. 1 Definition  11
2. 2 Aetiology 11
2. 3 Epidemiology 11
2. 4 Classification  11
2. 5 Diagnostic Clinical Features 11
2.
5. 1 Hypoplastic Type 11
2.
5. 2 Hypocalcified Type 11
2.
5. 3 Hypomaturation Type 11
2. 6 Relevant History 12
2. 7 Relevant Investigations 12
2. 8 Prognosis  12
2. 9 Treatment Considerations  12
2.
9. 1 Management of Children  12
2.
9. 2 Mixed Dentition  13
2.
9. 3 Permanent Dentition  13
2.
9. 4 Adulthood 13
2. 10 Survival of Restorations 13
References  18
3 Apical Periodontitis 19
3. 1 Definitions and Classification 19
3. 2 Relevant Anatomy 19
3. 3 Immunopathology 19
3. 4 Aetiology 20
3. 5 Microbiology  20
3. 6 Radiology 21
3. 7 Diagnosis 21
3. 8 Epidemiology 23
3. 9 Endodontic Treatment Considerations  23
3.
9. 1 Local Anaesthesia  23
3.
9. 2 Isolation and Disinfection  23
3.
9. 3 Access Cavity Preparation 23
3.
9. 4 Magnification  23
3.
9. 5 Working Length Determination  23
3.
9. 6 Root Canal Preparation Techniques  24
3.
9. 7 Irrigation and Debridement 24
3.
9. 8 Interappointment Medication  24
3.
9. 9 Obturation Techniques  24
3.
9. 10 Coronal Restoration  25
3.
9. 11 Review 25
3.
9. 12 Exacerbation  25
3. 10 Endodontic Retreatment  25
3. 11 Prognosis and Outcome of Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment  26
3.
11. 1 Preoperative Factors  26
3.
11. 2 Intraoperative Factors  26
3.
11. 3 Post-Treatment Factors 26
3. 12 Surgical Endodontic Treatment  26
3.
12. 1 Indications  26
3.
12. 2 Contraindications  26
3.
12. 3 Flap Design 27
3.
12. 4 Specific Anatomy  27
3.
12. 5 Bone Removal  27
3.
12. 6 Root End Preparation  27
3.
12. 7 Root End Filling 27
3.
12. 8 Prognosis and Outcomes  27
3.
12.
8. 1 Preoperative Factors  28
3.
12.
8. 2 Intraoperative Factors  28
References  29
4 Bisphosphonates and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 33
4. 1 Definition and Staging 33
4. 2 Pathogenesis 33
4. 3 Prevalence 33
4. 4 Prevention  34
4. 5 Assessment and Investigations 34
4. 6 Treatment Considerations  34
References  36
5 Caries 37
5. 1 Definition and Aetiology 37
5. 2 Pathogenesis 37
5. 3 Epidemiology 37
5. 4 Classification  37
5. 5 Relevant History 38
5. 6 Clinical Examination of Caries 38
5. 7 Differential Diagnosis 38
5. 8 Prevention  38
5.
8. 1 Tooth Brushing and Mechanical Plaque Control  38
5.
8. 2 Diet 38
5.
8. 3 Fluoride 38
5.
8. 4 Fissure Sealing 39
5. 9 Treatment Considerations  39
5.
9. 1 Primary Teeth  39
5.
9. 2 Permanent Teeth 39
5.
9.
2. 1 Minimally Invasive Techniques 39
5.
9.
2. 2 Treatment of Exposed Pulp in Permanent Teeth  40
References  41
6 Chronic Periodontitis 45
6. 1 Definition and Classification 45
6. 2 Clinical Features and Characteristics  45
6. 3 Periodontal Indices  45
6. 4 Epidemiology 47
6. 5 Risk Factors  47
6.
5. 1 Local Risk Factors  47
6.
5. 2 Systemic Risk Factors  47
6.
5.
2. 1 Smoking Tobacco  47
6.
5.
2. 2 Diabetes  47
6.
5.
2. 3 Genetics 48
6.
5.
2. 4 Osteoporosis  48
6.
5.
2. 5 Psychosocial Factors  48
6.
5.
2. 6 Other Considerations  48
6. 6 Microbiology  48
6. 7 Pathogenesis 49
6. 8 Role of Occlusal Trauma  49
6. 9 Treatment 50
6.
9. 1 Treatment Goals  50
6.
9. 2 Treatment Phases  50
6.
9.
2. 1 Systemic Phase  50
6.
9.
2. 2 Initial Hygiene Phase 50
6.
9.
2.
2. 1 Mechanical Supragingival Plaque Control 50
6.
9.
2.
2. 2 Chemical Supragingival Plaque Control 51
6.
9.
2. 3 Non-Surgical Therapy  51
6.
9.
2.
3. 1 Management of Tooth Mobility  52
6.
9.
2. 4 Corrective Phase (Additional Therapy) 52
6.
9.
2.
4. 1 Periodontal Surgery 52
6.
9.
2.
4. 2 Outcome of Periodontal Surgery  53
6.
9.
2.
4. 3 Treatment of Teeth with Furcation Involvement  53
6.
9.
2.
4. 4 Periodontal Regeneration 54
6.
9.
2. 5 Maintenance Phase  55
References  58
7 Cleft Lip and Palate 63
7. 1 Introduction 63
7. 2 Complications  63
7. 3 Dental Abnormalities  63
7. 4 Management of Patients with CLP Â 63
7.
4. 1 Infancy and Primary Dentition Stage 64
7.
4. 2 Mixed Dentition  64
7.
4. 3 Permanent Dentition  64
7.
4.
3. 1 Orthodontic Treatment 64
7.
4.
3. 2 Orthognathic Surgery  64
7.
4.
3. 3 Distraction Osteogenesis (DO) Â 64
7.
4.
3. 4 Restorative Treatment  65
References  67
8 Combination Syndrome 69
8. 1 Defining Features 69
8. 2 Pathogenesis 69
8. 3 Clinical Assessment  69
8. 4 Prevention  70
8. 5 Treatment Considerations  70
8. 6 Management of Flabby Ridge 70
8. 7 Management of Denture-Induced Stomatitis  71
References  72
9 Complete Edentulism 75
9. 1 Introduction 75
9. 2 Treatment Stages  75
9. 3 Denture Support  75
9. 4 Challenging Conditions 75
9. 5 Complete Denture Occlusion  76
9.
5. 1 Measuring Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD) 76
9.
5. 2 Registration of Centric Relation (CR) Â 76
9.
5. 3 Complete Denture Occlusal Schemes  76
9.
5.
3. 1 Bilateral Balanced Occlusion  76
9.
5.
3. 2 Monoplane Scheme of Occlusion  77
9.
5.
3. 3 Linear Occlusion Scheme  77
9.
5. 4 Occlusal Adjustment  77
9. 6 Setting Up the Teeth in Complete Denture  77
9. 7 Tooth Size and Shape  78
9. 8 Soft Liners and Tissue Conditioners 78
9. 9 Copy Denture 78
9. 10 Complete Denture Troubleshooting  79
References  81
10 Deep Overbite 83
10. 1 Definition and Prevalence 83
10. 2 Aetiology 83
10. 3 Classification  83
10. 4 Treatment Options  83
10.
4. 1 Orthodontic Treatment 83
10.
4. 2 Orthognathic Surgery  84
10.
4. 3 Prosthodontic and Restorative Treatment  84
References  86
11 Dens Invaginatus 87
11. 1 Definition and Terminology 87
11. 2 Aetiology and Prevalence 87
11. 3 Classification  87
11. 4 Clinical Examination and Investigations 87
Â
11. 5 Treatment Considerations  88
References  90
12 Dentine Hypersensitivity 93
12. 1 Definition  93
12. 2 Prevalence 93
12. 3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 93
12. 4 History and Examination 93
12. 5 Management  94
12.
5. 1 Management of DHS in Patients with Gingival Recession and/or Periodontal Disease 94
12.
5. 2 Management of DHS in Patients with Tooth Surface Loss  94
References  96
13 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Dentine Dysplasia 99
13. 1 Definition  99
13. 2 Classification and Clinical Features 99
13. 3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 99
13. 4 Epidemiology 100
13. 5 Differential Diagnoses 100
13. 6 Relevant History and Special Investigations 100
13. 7 Treatment Considerations  100
13.
7. 1 Primary Dentition  100
13.
7. 2 Permanent Dentition  101
References  104
14 Dentoalveolar Trauma 105
14. 1 Introduction 105
14. 2 Displaced and Malpositioned Teeth 105
14. 3 Loss of Vitality and Discolouration 105
14. 4 Ankylosis and Root Resorption 106
14. 5 Lost Teeth 106
14.
5. 1 Exodontia Considerations  106
14.
5. 2 Role of Orthodontists  106
14.
5. 3 Autotransplantation  106
14.
5. 4 Prosthetic Tooth Replacement  107
References  113
15 Discolouration 115
15. 1 Introduction 115
15. 2 Intrinsic Discolouration  115
15.
2. 1 Alkaptonuria 115
15.
2. 2 Congenital Hyperbilirubinaemia 115
15.
2. 3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria 115
15.
2. 4 Tetracycline Staining  115
15.
2. 5 Pulpal Disease 115
15.
2. 6 Root Resorption  116
15.
2. 7 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) 116
15.
2. 8 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI) Â 116
15.
2. 9 Fluorosis  116
15.
2. 10 Ageing 116
15.
2. 11 Other Conditions Associated with Enamel Defects 116
15. 3 Extrinsic Discolouration  116
15. 4 Treatment Options  116
15. 5 Tooth Bleaching  117
15.
5. 1 Bleaching Techniques  117
15.
5.
1. 1 Vital Bleaching (External Bleaching) Â 117
15.
5.
1. 2 NonâVital Bleaching (Internal Bleaching) Â 117
15.
5.
1. 3 Inside/Outside Bleaching  117
15.
5. 2 Bleaching Products  117
15.
5.
2. 1 Whitening Gels  117
15.
5.
2. 2 Whitening Strips  117
References  118
16 Ectodermal Dysplasia 121
16. 1 Definition and Prevalence 121
16. 2 Classification  121
16. 3 Aetiology 121
16. 4 Diagnosis and Clinical Features 121
16. 5 Management Considerations  122
16. 6 Restorative Treatment  122
16.
6. 1 Direct Restorations  122
16.
6. 2 Indirect Restorations  122
16.
6. 3 Removable Dentures 122
16.
6. 4 Implants  122
References  124
17 External Root Resorption 127
17. 1 Introduction 127
17. 2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 127
17. 3 External Invasive Cervical Root Resorption 127
17. 4 History and Examination 128
17. 5 Differential Diagnosis 128
17. 6 Treatment Considerations  128
17.
6. 1 NonâSurgical Management  128
17.
6. 2 Surgical Management  129
17.
6. 3 Endodontic Treatment  130
References  131
18 Failed Restoration and Compromised Tooth 133
18. 1 Introduction 133
18. 2 Direct Restorations  133
18.
2. 1 Amalgam Restorations 133
18.
2. 2 Composite Restorations  133
18.
2. 3 GIC, ResinâModified GIC and Compomers  134
18. 3 Indirect Restorations  134
18.
3. 1 Crowns  134
18.
3.
1. 1 Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crowns  135
18.
3.
1. 2 AllâCeramic Crowns  135
18.
3.
1. 3 Full Gold Crowns (FGG) Â 135
18.
3. 2 Inlays and Onlays 135
18.
3. 3 Veneers  136
18. 4 Restoration of RootâTreated Teeth  136
References  140
19 Fluorosis 143
19. 1 Definition  143
19. 2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 143
19. 3 Prevalence  143
19. 4 Clinical Features and Classifications 143
19. 5 Diagnosis 143
19. 6 Treatment Considerations  144
References  146
20 Fractured Endodontic Instrument 147
20. 1 Incidence 147
20. 2 Causative Factors and Prevention 147
20. 3 Impact on Outcome of Endodontic Treatment  147
20. 4 Management Strategies  148
20. 5 Factors Affecting Removal of Fractured Instruments 148
20. 6 Fragment Removal 149
References  151
21 Fractured or Failed Post  153
21. 1 Introduction 153
21. 2 Reasons for Failure of PostâRetained Restorations 153
21. 3 Factors to Consider  153
21. 4 Risks of Post Removal 153
21. 5 Post Removal Techniques  154
References  157
22 Gingival Enlargement and Gingivitis 159
22. 1 Introduction 159
22. 2 Aetiology and Clinical Features 159
22. 3 Diagnosis 160
22. 4 Management  160
References  164
23 Gingival Recession 165
23. 1 Introduction 165
23. 2 Aetiology and Risk Factors 165
23. 3 Classification  166
23. 4 Diagnosis 166
23. 5 Prevention and NonâSurgical Management 166
23.
5. 1 Monitoring and Maintenance  166
23.
5. 2 Adhesive Restorations 166
23.
5. 3 Gingival Prosthesis 166
23.
5. 4 Orthodontic Space Closure  167
23. 6 Surgical Treatment  167
23.
6. 1 Gingival Augmentation 167
23.
6. 2 Surgical Root Coverage 168
23.
6.
2. 1 Pedicle Soft Tissue Grafts  168
23.
6.
2. 2 Free Soft Tissue Grafts  169
23.
6.
2. 3 Prognostic Factors  169
23.
6.
2. 4 Clinical Outcome of Various Root Coverage Procedures 170
23.
6. 3 Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papillae 170
23.
6. 4 Periodontal Microsurgery 170
References  173
24 Halitosis 177
24. 1 Terminology  177
24. 2 Aetiology 177
24. 3 Epidemiology 177
24. 4 Classification  177
24. 5 Diagnosis 177
24. 6 Management Strategies  178
References  179
25 Hypodontia 181
25. 1 Definition and Classification 181
25. 2 Aetiology 181
25. 3 Epidemiology 181
25. 4 Clinical Features  181
25. 5 History and Examination 182
25. 6 Relevant Investigations 182
25. 7 Care Pathway 182
25. 8 Multidisciplinary Team 182
25. 9 Restorative Considerations 183
25. 10 Treatment Considerations  183
25.
10. 1 Preventive Care 183
25.
10. 2 Treatment Options for Missing Teeth  183
25.
10. 3 Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors 183
25.
10.
3. 1 Space Closure  183
25.
10.
3. 2 Space Opening  184
25.
10. 4 Missing Mandibular Incisor Teeth  184
25.
10. 5 Maxillary Midline Diastema 184
25.
10. 6 Management of Retained Primary Teeth  184
25.
10. 7 Prosthetic Options to Replace the Missing Teeth 185
25.
10.
7. 1 Resin-bonded Bridge (RBB) Â 185
25.
10.
7. 2 Conventional Bridge 186
25.
10.
7. 3 Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and Overdenture 186
25.
10.
7. 4 ImplantâRetained Prosthesis  186
25.
10. 8 General Maintenance Requirements  187
References  191
26 Internal Root Resorption 193
26. 1 Definition  193
26. 2 Pathogenesis  193
26. 3 Predisposing Factors 193
26. 4 Epidemiology 193
26. 5 Classification  193
26. 6 Diagnosis 193
26.
6. 1 Clinical Features  194
26.
6. 2 Radiographic Features 194
26. 7 Treatment Considerations  194
References  196
27 Irrigation Accidents 197
27. 1 Introduction 197
27. 2 Types of Incidents and Common Causes 197
27. 3 Signs and Symptoms 197
27. 4 Prevention  197
27. 5 Management  198
References  200
28 Low Maxillary Sinus Floor 201
28. 1 Introduction 201
28. 2 Sinus Floor Elevation Techniques  201
28.
2. 1 Lateral Approach  201
28.
2.
1. 1 Indications and Contraindications  201
28.
2.
1. 2 Preoperative Assessment 201
28.
2.
1. 3 Surgical Approach 202
28.
2.
1. 4 Bone Grafting  202
28.
2.
1. 5 Postoperative Care and Complications 203
28.
2. 2 Crestal Approach  203
28. 3 Implant Survival 203
References  204
29 Microdontia 207
29. 1 Definition, Prevalence and Classification 207
29. 2 Aetiology 207
29. 3 Examination and Diagnosis 207
29. 4 Management  207
References  210
30 Necrotising Periodontal Diseases 211
30. 1 Introduction 211
30. 2 Epidemiology 211
30. 3 Predisposing Factors 211
30. 4 Clinical Features and Diagnosis 211
30. 5 Microbiology and Histology 211
30. 6 Management  212
30.
6. 1 Acute Phase Treatment  212
30.
6. 2 Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease  212
30.
6. 3 Corrective Phase Treatment  212
30. 4 Maintenance 212
References  213
31 Occlusal Issues and Occlusion 215
31. 1 Definitions  215
31. 2 Occlusal Philosophies 215
31. 3 Assessment and Recording of Occlusion 216
31. 4 Articulators  216
31. 5 Faceâbow  216
31. 6 Conformative Approach 217
31. 7 Reorganisation of Occlusion  217
31. 8 Determinants of Posterior Occlusal Morphology 217
References  219
32 OncologyâRelated Defects in Mandible 221
32. 1 Introduction 221
32. 2 Roles of the Multidisciplinary Team in Head and Neck Cancer Management 221
32. 3 Consequences of Cancer Surgery in Mandible 222
32. 4 Classification of Mandibular Defects 222
32. 5 Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects 222
32.
5. 1 Surgical Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects 222
32.
5. 2 Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects  223
32.
5.
2. 1 Pretherapy Dental Screening  223
32.
5.
2. 2 Prosthetic Challenges  223
32.
5.
2. 3 Conventional Prosthetic Management  224
32.
5.
2. 4 Implants in Oncology Patients  224
32.
5.
2.
4. 1 Indications and Limitations  224
32.
5.
2.
4. 2 Relevant History and Preoperative Examination 224
32.
5.
2.
4. 3 Planning, Timing and Design Considerations 225
32.
5.
2.
4. 4 Primary Implants  225
32.
5.
2.
4. 5 Implants in Irradiated Bone  225
32.
5.
2.
4. 6 Implants in Grafted Bone Flaps  225
References  229
33 OncologyâRelated Defects in Maxillae 233
33. 1 Maxillary Tumours  233
33. 2 Surgical Resection  233
33. 3 Classification of Maxillary Defects 233
33. 4 Surgical Reconstruction  234
33.
4. 1 Local and Regional Flaps 234
33.
4. 2 Soft Tissue Free Flaps  234
33.
4. 3 Hard Tissue or Composite Free Flaps 234
33. 5 Prosthetic Treatment 234
33. 6 Alterations at Surgery to Facilitate Prosthetic Treatment  234
33. 7 Prosthetic Treatment Phases  235
33.
7. 1 Surgical Obturator  235
33.
7. 2 Interim Obturator  235
33.
7. 3 Definitive Obturator  236
33. 8 Soft Palate Defects  236
33. 9 Osseointegrated Implants  236
References  238
34 Open Apex (Immature NonâVital Teeth) 241
34. 1 Definition  241
34. 2 Aetiology 241
34. 3 Classification  241
34. 4 Management Strategies  241
34.
4. 1 Working Length Determination in Teeth with Open Apices  241
34.
4. 2 Irrigation Considerations  241
34.
4. 3 Calcium Hydroxide Apexification 242
34.
4. 4 Placement of an Apical Plug to Create an Artificial Apical Barrier 242
34.
4.
4. 1 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate 242
34.
4.
4. 2 Biodentine®  242
34.
4. 5 Regenerative Endodontic Treatment  242
References  244
35 Open Bite 247
35. 1 Definition and Classification 247
35. 2 Aetiology 247
35. 3 Incidence 247
35. 4 Indications for Treatment  247
35. 5 Treatment Options  247
35.
5. 1 Prevention  247
35.
5. 2 Orthodontic Treatment 247
35.
5. 3 Orthognathic Surgery  248
35.
5. 4 Restorative Treatment  248
References  250
36 Osteoradionecrosis 251
36. 1 Definition and Pathogenesis 251
36. 2 Prevalence  251
36. 3 Risk Factors  251
36. 4 Classification of ORN Â 251
36. 5 Diagnosis 252
36. 6 Prevention  252
36.
6. 1 PreâRadiotherapy Dental Assessment and Extractions 252
36.
6. 2 Patient Education  252
36.
6. 3 Minimising Trauma  252
36.
6. 4 Prophylactic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Antibiotics 252
36. 7 Management  253
References  254
37 Partial Edentulism â Implant Treatment 257
37. 1 Introduction 257
37. 2 Preoperative Patient Assessment 257
37.
2. 1 History  257
37.
2. 2 Clinical Examination  257
37.
2. 3 Special Investigations 257
37. 3 Risk Factors  258
37.
3. 1 Local Risk Factors  258
37.
3. 2 Systemic Risk Factors  258
37.
3. 3 Behavioural Risk Factors 259
37. 4 Risk Assessment and Patient Consent 259
37. 5 Treatment Considerations  259
37.
5. 1 Planning Stage 259
37.
5. 2 Surgical Stage  260
37.
5. 3 Prosthetic Treatment 260
37.
5. 4 Replacement of the Anterior Teeth with Implants  261
37.
5. 5 Replacement of the Posterior Teeth with Implants  261
37.
5. 6 Considerations in Bruxist Patients  261
37.
5. 7 Maintenance 262
37.
5. 8 Implant Complications  262
37.
5.
8. 1 Biological Complications  262
37.
5.
8. 1 Mechanical Complications  262
37.
5.
8. 1 Aesthetic Complications  263
37.
5.
8. 1 Evidence  263
37. 6 Implant Survival 263
37.
6. 1 ImplantâRetained Single Crowns 263
37.
6. 2 ImplantâRetained Bridge  263
37. 7 Timing of Implant Placement after Tooth Extraction  263
37. 8 Timing of Implant Loading 264
References  269
38 Partial Edentulism â Partial Denture Treatment 273
38. 1 Introduction 273
38. 2 Removable Partial Denture Types 273
38.
2. 1 Acrylic Dentures  273
38.
2. 2 Cobalt-Chromium RPDs  273
38.
2. 3 Flexible Dentures  274
38.
2. 4 Hypoallergenic Dentures 274
38.
2. 5 PEEKâbased RPDs 274
38. 3 Classification of Partially Dentate Arches 274
38. 4 General Guidelines  274
38. 5 RPD Design  274
38.
5. 1 Surveying 274
38.
5. 2 Occlusal Analysis 274
38.
5. 3 Replacing Anterior Teeth  274
38.
5. 4 Milled Crowns 275
38.
5. 5 Components of RPD Design 275
38.
5. 6 Saddle Areas 275
38.
5. 7 Rests  275
38.
5. 8 Retentive Clasps 275
38.
5. 9 Indirect Retainer  275
38.
5. 10 Mandibular Major Connectors  275
38.
5. 11 Maxillary Major Connectors  276
38.
5. 12 Minor Connectors  276
38. 6 SwingâLock RPD Â 276
References  278
39 Perforation 281
39. 1 Definition 281
39. 2 Causes  281
39. 3 Pathogenesis  281
39. 4 Epidemiology 281
39. 5 Classification  281
39. 6 Diagnosis 281
39. 7 Prognosis  282
39. 8 Management  282
39.
8. 1 Extraction 282
39.
8. 2 NonâSurgical Treatment  282
39.
8. 3 Surgical Treatment  282
39. 9 Treatment Outcomes 283
References  285
40 PeriâImplant Diseases 287
40. 1 Definitions  287
40. 2 Aetiology 287
40. 3 Risk Factors  287
40. 4 Prevalence  287
40. 5 Diagnostic Criteria  287
40. 6 Patient Assessment  288
40.
6. 1 Implant Identification  288
40.
6. 2 Relevant History 288
40.
6. 3 Assessment of Suprastructure 288
40.
6. 4 Assessment of Individual Fixtures 288
40.
6. 5 Assessment of PeriâImplant Soft Tissue  288
40.
6. 6 Radiographic Assessment 288
40. 7 Management of PeriâImplant Mucositis  288
40. 8 Management of PeriâImplantitis  288
References  291
41 Periodontal Abscess 293
41. 1 Definition and Classification 293
41. 2 Pathogenesis  293
41. 3 Prevalence  293
41. 4 Microbiology  293
41. 5 Diagnosis 293
41. 6 Differential Diagnosis 294
41. 7 Treatment 294
References  296
42 PeriodonticâEndodontic Lesion 297
42. 1 Definition and Classification 297
42. 2 Diagnosis 297
42. 3 Prognosis  297
42. 4 Management  298
References  300
43 Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease 301
43. 1 Introduction 301
43. 2 Periodontitis Associated with Haematological Disorders 301
43. 3 Periodontitis Associated with Genetic Disorders 301
43. 4 Periodontitis Associated with Other Conditions (Not Otherwise
Specified Group) Â 303
References  305
44 Radiotherapy Side Effects 307
44. 1 Introduction 307
44. 2 RadiationâInduced Oral Mucositis  307
44. 3 Xerostomia 308
44.
3. 1 OrganâSparing Radiotherapy 308
44.
3. 2 Salivary Gland Tissue Transfer 308
44.
3. 3 Preventive Medication 308
44.
3. 4 Salivary Stimulation 308
44.
3. 5 Saliva Substitution 308
44. 4 Oral Infections  308
44. 5 Trismus (Restricted Mouth Opening) Â 309
References  311
45 Ridge Defects (Generalised) 313
45. 1 Introduction 313
45. 2 Classifications  313
45. 3 Neutral Zone Impression Technique for Resorbed Ridges 313
45. 4 MagnetâRetained Conventional Overdenture 314
45. 5 ImplantâSupported Overdentures 314
45. 6 FullâArch ImplantâRetained Fixed Prosthesis 315
References  317
46 Ridge Defects (Localised) 319
46. 1 Introduction 319
46. 2 Ridge Augmentation by Soft Tissue Grafts 319
46. 3 Ridge Augmentation with Hard Tissue Surgery 320
46.
3. 1 Anatomical Repositioning Techniques 320
46.
3. 2 Bone Grafting  320
References  324
47 Shortened Dental Arch (SDA) 325
47. 1 Definition  325
47. 2 History  325
47. 3 Effect of SDA on Oral HealthâRelated Quality of Life 325
47. 4 Effect of Tooth Loss on Masticatory Function  325
47. 5 Effect of SDA on Occlusal Stability  325
47. 6 Effect of SDA on Temporomandibular Joint  326
47. 7 Alternative Treatment Options  326
References  327
48 Supernumerary, Fusion and Gemination 329
48. 1 Supernumerary (Hyperdontia) 329
48.
1. 1 Prevalence  329
48.
1. 2 Classification  329
48.
1. 3 Aetiology 329
48.
1. 4 Oral and Dental Complications  329
48.
1. 5 Examination and Diagnosis 329
48.
1. 6 Management  330
48. 2 Fusion  330
48.
2. 1 Classification  330
48.
2. 2 Aetiology 330
48.
2. 3 Incidence 330
48.
2. 4 Relevant Investigations 330
48.
2. 5 Treatment Options  330
48. 3 Gemination 331
References  332
49 Temporomandibular Disorders 335
49. 1 Definition  335
49. 2 Prevalence  335
49. 3 Classification  335
49. 4 Aetiology 335
49. 5 Diagnosis 336
49. 6 Special Investigations 336
49. 7 Management  336
49.
7. 1 Patient Education  336
49.
7. 2 Jaw Exercise and Manual Therapy 336
49.
7. 3 Acupuncture  336
49.
7. 4 Pharmacotherapy  337
49.
7. 5 Occlusal Stabilising Splint Therapy  337
49.
7. 6 Anterior Repositioning Splint 337
49.
7. 7 Occlusal Adjustment  337
49.
7. 8 TMJ Lavage  337
49.
7. 9 Surgery 337
References  338
50 Tooth Wear 341
50. 1 Definitions and Clinical Features 341
50. 2 Aetiology 341
50.
2. 1 Parafunction and Occlusion  341
50.
2. 2 Intrinsic Acids  341
50.
2. 3 Extrinsic Acids  342
50. 3 Prevalence  342
50. 4 Classification  342
50. 5 History and Examination 343
50. 6 Prevention  343
50. 7 Management of Worn Teeth  343
50.
7. 1 Conformative Approach 343
50.
7. 2 Reorganisation Approach 343
50.
7. 3 Occlusal Splint Therapy Prior to VD Increase  344
50.
7. 4 Fixed Restorations  344
50.
7.
4. 1 Direct Fixed Restorations  344
50.
7.
4. 2 Indirect Fixed Restorations  344
50.
7. 5 Crown Lengthening 345
50.
7. 6 Removable Treatment Options  345
50.
7. 7 Maintenance 346
Â
Reviews
No Review Found