DESCRIPTION:
Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side.
Provides a quick reference for the busy clinician covering diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics and restorative dentistry
Offers identically formatted chapters following the same clear and concise layout with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions
Features a companion website with additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1 Aggressive Periodontitis 1
1. 1 Definition 1
1.
1. 1 Primary Features 1
1.
1. 2 Secondary Features 1
1. 2 Classification 1
1. 3 Prevalence 1
1. 4 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 1
1.
4. 1 Bacteria 2
1.
4. 2 Genetic Susceptibility 2
1.
4. 3 Smoking 2
1. 5 Screening 2
1. 6 Diagnosis 2
1. 7 Prognosis 2
1. 8 Treatment 2
1.
8. 1 Systemic Antibiotics 3
1.
8. 2 Local Antimicrobials 3
References 8
2 Amelogenesis Imperfecta 11
2. 1 Definition 11
2. 2 Aetiology 11
2. 3 Epidemiology 11
2. 4 Classification 11
2. 5 Diagnostic Clinical Features 11
2.
5. 1 Hypoplastic Type 11
2.
5. 2 Hypocalcified Type 11
2.
5. 3 Hypomaturation Type 11
2. 6 Relevant History 12
2. 7 Relevant Investigations 12
2. 8 Prognosis 12
2. 9 Treatment Considerations 12
2.
9. 1 Management of Children 12
2.
9. 2 Mixed Dentition 13
2.
9. 3 Permanent Dentition 13
2.
9. 4 Adulthood 13
2. 10 Survival of Restorations 13
References 18
3 Apical Periodontitis 19
3. 1 Definitions and Classification 19
3. 2 Relevant Anatomy 19
3. 3 Immunopathology 19
3. 4 Aetiology 20
3. 5 Microbiology 20
3. 6 Radiology 21
3. 7 Diagnosis 21
3. 8 Epidemiology 23
3. 9 Endodontic Treatment Considerations 23
3.
9. 1 Local Anaesthesia 23
3.
9. 2 Isolation and Disinfection 23
3.
9. 3 Access Cavity Preparation 23
3.
9. 4 Magnification 23
3.
9. 5 Working Length Determination 23
3.
9. 6 Root Canal Preparation Techniques 24
3.
9. 7 Irrigation and Debridement 24
3.
9. 8 Interappointment Medication 24
3.
9. 9 Obturation Techniques 24
3.
9. 10 Coronal Restoration 25
3.
9. 11 Review 25
3.
9. 12 Exacerbation 25
3. 10 Endodontic Retreatment 25
3. 11 Prognosis and Outcome of Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment 26
3.
11. 1 Preoperative Factors 26
3.
11. 2 Intraoperative Factors 26
3.
11. 3 Post-Treatment Factors 26
3. 12 Surgical Endodontic Treatment 26
3.
12. 1 Indications 26
3.
12. 2 Contraindications 26
3.
12. 3 Flap Design 27
3.
12. 4 Specific Anatomy 27
3.
12. 5 Bone Removal 27
3.
12. 6 Root End Preparation 27
3.
12. 7 Root End Filling 27
3.
12. 8 Prognosis and Outcomes 27
3.
12.
8. 1 Preoperative Factors 28
3.
12.
8. 2 Intraoperative Factors 28
References 29
4 Bisphosphonates and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 33
4. 1 Definition and Staging 33
4. 2 Pathogenesis 33
4. 3 Prevalence 33
4. 4 Prevention 34
4. 5 Assessment and Investigations 34
4. 6 Treatment Considerations 34
References 36
5 Caries 37
5. 1 Definition and Aetiology 37
5. 2 Pathogenesis 37
5. 3 Epidemiology 37
5. 4 Classification 37
5. 5 Relevant History 38
5. 6 Clinical Examination of Caries 38
5. 7 Differential Diagnosis 38
5. 8 Prevention 38
5.
8. 1 Tooth Brushing and Mechanical Plaque Control 38
5.
8. 2 Diet 38
5.
8. 3 Fluoride 38
5.
8. 4 Fissure Sealing 39
5. 9 Treatment Considerations 39
5.
9. 1 Primary Teeth 39
5.
9. 2 Permanent Teeth 39
5.
9.
2. 1 Minimally Invasive Techniques 39
5.
9.
2. 2 Treatment of Exposed Pulp in Permanent Teeth 40
References 41
6 Chronic Periodontitis 45
6. 1 Definition and Classification 45
6. 2 Clinical Features and Characteristics 45
6. 3 Periodontal Indices 45
6. 4 Epidemiology 47
6. 5 Risk Factors 47
6.
5. 1 Local Risk Factors 47
6.
5. 2 Systemic Risk Factors 47
6.
5.
2. 1 Smoking Tobacco 47
6.
5.
2. 2 Diabetes 47
6.
5.
2. 3 Genetics 48
6.
5.
2. 4 Osteoporosis 48
6.
5.
2. 5 Psychosocial Factors 48
6.
5.
2. 6 Other Considerations 48
6. 6 Microbiology 48
6. 7 Pathogenesis 49
6. 8 Role of Occlusal Trauma 49
6. 9 Treatment 50
6.
9. 1 Treatment Goals 50
6.
9. 2 Treatment Phases 50
6.
9.
2. 1 Systemic Phase 50
6.
9.
2. 2 Initial Hygiene Phase 50
6.
9.
2.
2. 1 Mechanical Supragingival Plaque Control 50
6.
9.
2.
2. 2 Chemical Supragingival Plaque Control 51
6.
9.
2. 3 Non-Surgical Therapy 51
6.
9.
2.
3. 1 Management of Tooth Mobility 52
6.
9.
2. 4 Corrective Phase (Additional Therapy) 52
6.
9.
2.
4. 1 Periodontal Surgery 52
6.
9.
2.
4. 2 Outcome of Periodontal Surgery 53
6.
9.
2.
4. 3 Treatment of Teeth with Furcation Involvement 53
6.
9.
2.
4. 4 Periodontal Regeneration 54
6.
9.
2. 5 Maintenance Phase 55
References 58
7 Cleft Lip and Palate 63
7. 1 Introduction 63
7. 2 Complications 63
7. 3 Dental Abnormalities 63
7. 4 Management of Patients with CLP 63
7.
4. 1 Infancy and Primary Dentition Stage 64
7.
4. 2 Mixed Dentition 64
7.
4. 3 Permanent Dentition 64
7.
4.
3. 1 Orthodontic Treatment 64
7.
4.
3. 2 Orthognathic Surgery 64
7.
4.
3. 3 Distraction Osteogenesis (DO) 64
7.
4.
3. 4 Restorative Treatment 65
References 67
8 Combination Syndrome 69
8. 1 Defining Features 69
8. 2 Pathogenesis 69
8. 3 Clinical Assessment 69
8. 4 Prevention 70
8. 5 Treatment Considerations 70
8. 6 Management of Flabby Ridge 70
8. 7 Management of Denture-Induced Stomatitis 71
References 72
9 Complete Edentulism 75
9. 1 Introduction 75
9. 2 Treatment Stages 75
9. 3 Denture Support 75
9. 4 Challenging Conditions 75
9. 5 Complete Denture Occlusion 76
9.
5. 1 Measuring Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD) 76
9.
5. 2 Registration of Centric Relation (CR) 76
9.
5. 3 Complete Denture Occlusal Schemes 76
9.
5.
3. 1 Bilateral Balanced Occlusion 76
9.
5.
3. 2 Monoplane Scheme of Occlusion 77
9.
5.
3. 3 Linear Occlusion Scheme 77
9.
5. 4 Occlusal Adjustment 77
9. 6 Setting Up the Teeth in Complete Denture 77
9. 7 Tooth Size and Shape 78
9. 8 Soft Liners and Tissue Conditioners 78
9. 9 Copy Denture 78
9. 10 Complete Denture Troubleshooting 79
References 81
10 Deep Overbite 83
10. 1 Definition and Prevalence 83
10. 2 Aetiology 83
10. 3 Classification 83
10. 4 Treatment Options 83
10.
4. 1 Orthodontic Treatment 83
10.
4. 2 Orthognathic Surgery 84
10.
4. 3 Prosthodontic and Restorative Treatment 84
References 86
11 Dens Invaginatus 87
11. 1 Definition and Terminology 87
11. 2 Aetiology and Prevalence 87
11. 3 Classification 87
11. 4 Clinical Examination and Investigations 87
11. 5 Treatment Considerations 88
References 90
12 Dentine Hypersensitivity 93
12. 1 Definition 93
12. 2 Prevalence 93
12. 3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 93
12. 4 History and Examination 93
12. 5 Management 94
12.
5. 1 Management of DHS in Patients with Gingival Recession and/or Periodontal Disease 94
12.
5. 2 Management of DHS in Patients with Tooth Surface Loss 94
References 96
13 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Dentine Dysplasia 99
13. 1 Definition 99
13. 2 Classification and Clinical Features 99
13. 3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 99
13. 4 Epidemiology 100
13. 5 Differential Diagnoses 100
13. 6 Relevant History and Special Investigations 100
13. 7 Treatment Considerations 100
13.
7. 1 Primary Dentition 100
13.
7. 2 Permanent Dentition 101
References 104
14 Dentoalveolar Trauma 105
14. 1 Introduction 105
14. 2 Displaced and Malpositioned Teeth 105
14. 3 Loss of Vitality and Discolouration 105
14. 4 Ankylosis and Root Resorption 106
14. 5 Lost Teeth 106
14.
5. 1 Exodontia Considerations 106
14.
5. 2 Role of Orthodontists 106
14.
5. 3 Autotransplantation 106
14.
5. 4 Prosthetic Tooth Replacement 107
References 113
15 Discolouration 115
15. 1 Introduction 115
15. 2 Intrinsic Discolouration 115
15.
2. 1 Alkaptonuria 115
15.
2. 2 Congenital Hyperbilirubinaemia 115
15.
2. 3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria 115
15.
2. 4 Tetracycline Staining 115
15.
2. 5 Pulpal Disease 115
15.
2. 6 Root Resorption 116
15.
2. 7 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) 116
15.
2. 8 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI) 116
15.
2. 9 Fluorosis 116
15.
2. 10 Ageing 116
15.
2. 11 Other Conditions Associated with Enamel Defects 116
15. 3 Extrinsic Discolouration 116
15. 4 Treatment Options 116
15. 5 Tooth Bleaching 117
15.
5. 1 Bleaching Techniques 117
15.
5.
1. 1 Vital Bleaching (External Bleaching) 117
15.
5.
1. 2 Non?Vital Bleaching (Internal Bleaching) 117
15.
5.
1. 3 Inside/Outside Bleaching 117
15.
5. 2 Bleaching Products 117
15.
5.
2. 1 Whitening Gels 117
15.
5.
2. 2 Whitening Strips 117
References 118
16 Ectodermal Dysplasia 121
16. 1 Definition and Prevalence 121
16. 2 Classification 121
16. 3 Aetiology 121
16. 4 Diagnosis and Clinical Features 121
16. 5 Management Considerations 122
16. 6 Restorative Treatment 122
16.
6. 1 Direct Restorations 122
16.
6. 2 Indirect Restorations 122
16.
6. 3 Removable Dentures 122
16.
6. 4 Implants 122
References 124
17 External Root Resorption 127
17. 1 Introduction 127
17. 2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 127
17. 3 External Invasive Cervical Root Resorption 127
17. 4 History and Examination 128
17. 5 Differential Diagnosis 128
17. 6 Treatment Considerations 128
17.
6. 1 Non?Surgical Management 128
17.
6. 2 Surgical Management 129
17.
6. 3 Endodontic Treatment 130
References 131
18 Failed Restoration and Compromised Tooth 133
18. 1 Introduction 133
18. 2 Direct Restorations 133
18.
2. 1 Amalgam Restorations 133
18.
2. 2 Composite Restorations 133
18.
2. 3 GIC, Resin?Modified GIC and Compomers 134
18. 3 Indirect Restorations 134
18.
3. 1 Crowns 134
18.
3.
1. 1 Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crowns 135
18.
3.
1. 2 All?Ceramic Crowns 135
18.
3.
1. 3 Full Gold Crowns (FGG) 135
18.
3. 2 Inlays and Onlays 135
18.
3. 3 Veneers 136
18. 4 Restoration of Root?Treated Teeth 136
References 140
19 Fluorosis 143
19. 1 Definition 143
19. 2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 143
19. 3 Prevalence 143
19. 4 Clinical Features and Classifications 143
19. 5 Diagnosis 143
19. 6 Treatment Considerations 144
References 146
20 Fractured Endodontic Instrument 147
20. 1 Incidence 147
20. 2 Causative Factors and Prevention 147
20. 3 Impact on Outcome of Endodontic Treatment 147
20. 4 Management Strategies 148
20. 5 Factors Affecting Removal of Fractured Instruments 148
20. 6 Fragment Removal 149
References 151
21 Fractured or Failed Post 153
21. 1 Introduction 153
21. 2 Reasons for Failure of Post?Retained Restorations 153
21. 3 Factors to Consider 153
21. 4 Risks of Post Removal 153
21. 5 Post Removal Techniques 154
References 157
22 Gingival Enlargement and Gingivitis 159
22. 1 Introduction 159
22. 2 Aetiology and Clinical Features 159
22. 3 Diagnosis 160
22. 4 Management 160
References 164
23 Gingival Recession 165
23. 1 Introduction 165
23. 2 Aetiology and Risk Factors 165
23. 3 Classification 166
23. 4 Diagnosis 166
23. 5 Prevention and Non?Surgical Management 166
23.
5. 1 Monitoring and Maintenance 166
23.
5. 2 Adhesive Restorations 166
23.
5. 3 Gingival Prosthesis 166
23.
5. 4 Orthodontic Space Closure 167
23. 6 Surgical Treatment 167
23.
6. 1 Gingival Augmentation 167
23.
6. 2 Surgical Root Coverage 168
23.
6.
2. 1 Pedicle Soft Tissue Grafts 168
23.
6.
2. 2 Free Soft Tissue Grafts 169
23.
6.
2. 3 Prognostic Factors 169
23.
6.
2. 4 Clinical Outcome of Various Root Coverage Procedures 170
23.
6. 3 Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papillae 170
23.
6. 4 Periodontal Microsurgery 170
References 173
24 Halitosis 177
24. 1 Terminology 177
24. 2 Aetiology 177
24. 3 Epidemiology 177
24. 4 Classification 177
24. 5 Diagnosis 177
24. 6 Management Strategies 178
References 179
25 Hypodontia 181
25. 1 Definition and Classification 181
25. 2 Aetiology 181
25. 3 Epidemiology 181
25. 4 Clinical Features 181
25. 5 History and Examination 182
25. 6 Relevant Investigations 182
25. 7 Care Pathway 182
25. 8 Multidisciplinary Team 182
25. 9 Restorative Considerations 183
25. 10 Treatment Considerations 183
25.
10. 1 Preventive Care 183
25.
10. 2 Treatment Options for Missing Teeth 183
25.
10. 3 Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors 183
25.
10.
3. 1 Space Closure 183
25.
10.
3. 2 Space Opening 184
25.
10. 4 Missing Mandibular Incisor Teeth 184
25.
10. 5 Maxillary Midline Diastema 184
25.
10. 6 Management of Retained Primary Teeth 184
25.
10. 7 Prosthetic Options to Replace the Missing Teeth 185
25.
10.
7. 1 Resin-bonded Bridge (RBB) 185
25.
10.
7. 2 Conventional Bridge 186
25.
10.
7. 3 Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and Overdenture 186
25.
10.
7. 4 Implant?Retained Prosthesis 186
25.
10. 8 General Maintenance Requirements 187
References 191
26 Internal Root Resorption 193
26. 1 Definition 193
26. 2 Pathogenesis 193
26. 3 Predisposing Factors 193
26. 4 Epidemiology 193
26. 5 Classification 193
26. 6 Diagnosis 193
26.
6. 1 Clinical Features 194
26.
6. 2 Radiographic Features 194
26. 7 Treatment Considerations 194
References 196
27 Irrigation Accidents 197
27. 1 Introduction 197
27. 2 Types of Incidents and Common Causes 197
27. 3 Signs and Symptoms 197
27. 4 Prevention 197
27. 5 Management 198
References 200
28 Low Maxillary Sinus Floor 201
28. 1 Introduction 201
28. 2 Sinus Floor Elevation Techniques 201
28.
2. 1 Lateral Approach 201
28.
2.
1. 1 Indications and Contraindications 201
28.
2.
1. 2 Preoperative Assessment 201
28.
2.
1. 3 Surgical Approach 202
28.
2.
1. 4 Bone Grafting 202
28.
2.
1. 5 Postoperative Care and Complications 203
28.
2. 2 Crestal Approach 203
28. 3 Implant Survival 203
References 204
29 Microdontia 207
29. 1 Definition, Prevalence and Classification 207
29. 2 Aetiology 207
29. 3 Examination and Diagnosis 207
29. 4 Management 207
References 210
30 Necrotising Periodontal Diseases 211
30. 1 Introduction 211
30. 2 Epidemiology 211
30. 3 Predisposing Factors 211
30. 4 Clinical Features and Diagnosis 211
30. 5 Microbiology and Histology 211
30. 6 Management 212
30.
6. 1 Acute Phase Treatment 212
30.
6. 2 Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease 212
30.
6. 3 Corrective Phase Treatment 212
30. 4 Maintenance 212
References 213
31 Occlusal Issues and Occlusion 215
31. 1 Definitions 215
31. 2 Occlusal Philosophies 215
31. 3 Assessment and Recording of Occlusion 216
31. 4 Articulators 216
31. 5 Face?bow 216
31. 6 Conformative Approach 217
31. 7 Reorganisation of Occlusion 217
31. 8 Determinants of Posterior Occlusal Morphology 217
References 219
32 Oncology?Related Defects in Mandible 221
32. 1 Introduction 221
32. 2 Roles of the Multidisciplinary Team in Head and Neck Cancer Management 221
32. 3 Consequences of Cancer Surgery in Mandible 222
32. 4 Classification of Mandibular Defects 222
32. 5 Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects 222
32.
5. 1 Surgical Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects 222
32.
5. 2 Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects 223
32.
5.
2. 1 Pretherapy Dental Screening 223
32.
5.
2. 2 Prosthetic Challenges 223
32.
5.
2. 3 Conventional Prosthetic Management 224
32.
5.
2. 4 Implants in Oncology Patients 224
32.
5.
2.
4. 1 Indications and Limitations 224
32.
5.
2.
4. 2 Relevant History and Preoperative Examination 224
32.
5.
2.
4. 3 Planning, Timing and Design Considerations 225
32.
5.
2.
4. 4 Primary Implants 225
32.
5.
2.
4. 5 Implants in Irradiated Bone 225
32.
5.
2.
4. 6 Implants in Grafted Bone Flaps 225
References 229
33 Oncology?Related Defects in Maxillae 233
33. 1 Maxillary Tumours 233
33. 2 Surgical Resection 233
33. 3 Classification of Maxillary Defects 233
33. 4 Surgical Reconstruction 234
33.
4. 1 Local and Regional Flaps 234
33.
4. 2 Soft Tissue Free Flaps 234
33.
4. 3 Hard Tissue or Composite Free Flaps 234
33. 5 Prosthetic Treatment 234
33. 6 Alterations at Surgery to Facilitate Prosthetic Treatment 234
33. 7 Prosthetic Treatment Phases 235
33.
7. 1 Surgical Obturator 235
33.
7. 2 Interim Obturator 235
33.
7. 3 Definitive Obturator 236
33. 8 Soft Palate Defects 236
33. 9 Osseointegrated Implants 236
References 238
34 Open Apex (Immature Non?Vital Teeth) 241
34. 1 Definition 241
34. 2 Aetiology 241
34. 3 Classification 241
34. 4 Management Strategies 241
34.
4. 1 Working Length Determination in Teeth with Open Apices 241
34.
4. 2 Irrigation Considerations 241
34.
4. 3 Calcium Hydroxide Apexification 242
34.
4. 4 Placement of an Apical Plug to Create an Artificial Apical Barrier 242
34.
4.
4. 1 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate 242
34.
4.
4. 2 Biodentine® 242
34.
4. 5 Regenerative Endodontic Treatment 242
References 244
35 Open Bite 247
35. 1 Definition and Classification 247
35. 2 Aetiology 247
35. 3 Incidence 247
35. 4 Indications for Treatment 247
35. 5 Treatment Options 247
35.
5. 1 Prevention 247
35.
5. 2 Orthodontic Treatment 247
35.
5. 3 Orthognathic Surgery 248
35.
5. 4 Restorative Treatment 248
References 250
36 Osteoradionecrosis 251
36. 1 Definition and Pathogenesis 251
36. 2 Prevalence 251
36. 3 Risk Factors 251
36. 4 Classification of ORN 251
36. 5 Diagnosis 252
36. 6 Prevention 252
36.
6. 1 Pre?Radiotherapy Dental Assessment and Extractions 252
36.
6. 2 Patient Education 252
36.
6. 3 Minimising Trauma 252
36.
6. 4 Prophylactic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Antibiotics 252
36. 7 Management 253
References 254
37 Partial Edentulism ? Implant Treatment 257
37. 1 Introduction 257
37. 2 Preoperative Patient Assessment 257
37.
2. 1 History 257
37.
2. 2 Clinical Examination 257
37.
2. 3 Special Investigations 257
37. 3 Risk Factors 258
37.
3. 1 Local Risk Factors 258
37.
3. 2 Systemic Risk Factors 258
37.
3. 3 Behavioural Risk Factors 259
37. 4 Risk Assessment and Patient Consent 259
37. 5 Treatment Considerations 259
37.
5. 1 Planning Stage 259
37.
5. 2 Surgical Stage 260
37.
5. 3 Prosthetic Treatment 260
37.
5. 4 Replacement of the Anterior Teeth with Implants 261
37.
5. 5 Replacement of the Posterior Teeth with Implants 261
37.
5. 6 Considerations in Bruxist Patients 261
37.
5. 7 Maintenance 262
37.
5. 8 Implant Complications 262
37.
5.
8. 1 Biological Complications 262
37.
5.
8. 1 Mechanical Complications 262
37.
5.
8. 1 Aesthetic Complications 263
37.
5.
8. 1 Evidence 263
37. 6 Implant Survival 263
37.
6. 1 Implant?Retained Single Crowns 263
37.
6. 2 Implant?Retained Bridge 263
37. 7 Timing of Implant Placement after Tooth Extraction 263
37. 8 Timing of Implant Loading 264
References 269
38 Partial Edentulism ? Partial Denture Treatment 273
38. 1 Introduction 273
38. 2 Removable Partial Denture Types 273
38.
2. 1 Acrylic Dentures 273
38.
2. 2 Cobalt-Chromium RPDs 273
38.
2. 3 Flexible Dentures 274
38.
2. 4 Hypoallergenic Dentures 274
38.
2. 5 PEEK?based RPDs 274
38. 3 Classification of Partially Dentate Arches 274
38. 4 General Guidelines 274
38. 5 RPD Design 274
38.
5. 1 Surveying 274
38.
5. 2 Occlusal Analysis 274
38.
5. 3 Replacing Anterior Teeth 274
38.
5. 4 Milled Crowns 275
38.
5. 5 Components of RPD Design 275
38.
5. 6 Saddle Areas 275
38.
5. 7 Rests 275
38.
5. 8 Retentive Clasps 275
38.
5. 9 Indirect Retainer 275
38.
5. 10 Mandibular Major Connectors 275
38.
5. 11 Maxillary Major Connectors 276
38.
5. 12 Minor Connectors 276
38. 6 Swing?Lock RPD 276
References 278
39 Perforation 281
39. 1 Definition 281
39. 2 Causes 281
39. 3 Pathogenesis 281
39. 4 Epidemiology 281
39. 5 Classification 281
39. 6 Diagnosis 281
39. 7 Prognosis 282
39. 8 Management 282
39.
8. 1 Extraction 282
39.
8. 2 Non?Surgical Treatment 282
39.
8. 3 Surgical Treatment 282
39. 9 Treatment Outcomes 283
References 285
40 Peri?Implant Diseases 287
40. 1 Definitions 287
40. 2 Aetiology 287
40. 3 Risk Factors 287
40. 4 Prevalence 287
40. 5 Diagnostic Criteria 287
40. 6 Patient Assessment 288
40.
6. 1 Implant Identification 288
40.
6. 2 Relevant History 288
40.
6. 3 Assessment of Suprastructure 288
40.
6. 4 Assessment of Individual Fixtures 288
40.
6. 5 Assessment of Peri?Implant Soft Tissue 288
40.
6. 6 Radiographic Assessment 288
40. 7 Management of Peri?Implant Mucositis 288
40. 8 Management of Peri?Implantitis 288
References 291
41 Periodontal Abscess 293
41. 1 Definition and Classification 293
41. 2 Pathogenesis 293
41. 3 Prevalence 293
41. 4 Microbiology 293
41. 5 Diagnosis 293
41. 6 Differential Diagnosis 294
41. 7 Treatment 294
References 296
42 Periodontic?Endodontic Lesion 297
42. 1 Definition and Classification 297
42. 2 Diagnosis 297
42. 3 Prognosis 297
42. 4 Management 298
References 300
43 Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease 301
43. 1 Introduction 301
43. 2 Periodontitis Associated with Haematological Disorders 301
43. 3 Periodontitis Associated with Genetic Disorders 301
43. 4 Periodontitis Associated with Other Conditions (Not Otherwise
Specified Group) 303
References 305
44 Radiotherapy Side Effects 307
44. 1 Introduction 307
44. 2 Radiation?Induced Oral Mucositis 307
44. 3 Xerostomia 308
44.
3. 1 Organ?Sparing Radiotherapy 308
44.
3. 2 Salivary Gland Tissue Transfer 308
44.
3. 3 Preventive Medication 308
44.
3. 4 Salivary Stimulation 308
44.
3. 5 Saliva Substitution 308
44. 4 Oral Infections 308
44. 5 Trismus (Restricted Mouth Opening) 309
References 311
45 Ridge Defects (Generalised) 313
45. 1 Introduction 313
45. 2 Classifications 313
45. 3 Neutral Zone Impression Technique for Resorbed Ridges 313
45. 4 Magnet?Retained Conventional Overdenture 314
45. 5 Implant?Supported Overdentures 314
45. 6 Full?Arch Implant?Retained Fixed Prosthesis 315
References 317
46 Ridge Defects (Localised) 319
46. 1 Introduction 319
46. 2 Ridge Augmentation by Soft Tissue Grafts 319
46. 3 Ridge Augmentation with Hard Tissue Surgery 320
46.
3. 1 Anatomical Repositioning Techniques 320
46.
3. 2 Bone Grafting 320
References 324
47 Shortened Dental Arch (SDA) 325
47. 1 Definition 325
47. 2 History 325
47. 3 Effect of SDA on Oral Health?Related Quality of Life 325
47. 4 Effect of Tooth Loss on Masticatory Function 325
47. 5 Effect of SDA on Occlusal Stability 325
47. 6 Effect of SDA on Temporomandibular Joint 326
47. 7 Alternative Treatment Options 326
References 327
48 Supernumerary, Fusion and Gemination 329
48. 1 Supernumerary (Hyperdontia) 329
48.
1. 1 Prevalence 329
48.
1. 2 Classification 329
48.
1. 3 Aetiology 329
48.
1. 4 Oral and Dental Complications 329
48.
1. 5 Examination and Diagnosis 329
48.
1. 6 Management 330
48. 2 Fusion 330
48.
2. 1 Classification 330
48.
2. 2 Aetiology 330
48.
2. 3 Incidence 330
48.
2. 4 Relevant Investigations 330
48.
2. 5 Treatment Options 330
48. 3 Gemination 331
References 332
49 Temporomandibular Disorders 335
49. 1 Definition 335
49. 2 Prevalence 335
49. 3 Classification 335
49. 4 Aetiology 335
49. 5 Diagnosis 336
49. 6 Special Investigations 336
49. 7 Management 336
49.
7. 1 Patient Education 336
49.
7. 2 Jaw Exercise and Manual Therapy 336
49.
7. 3 Acupuncture 336
49.
7. 4 Pharmacotherapy 337
49.
7. 5 Occlusal Stabilising Splint Therapy 337
49.
7. 6 Anterior Repositioning Splint 337
49.
7. 7 Occlusal Adjustment 337
49.
7. 8 TMJ Lavage 337
49.
7. 9 Surgery 337
References 338
50 Tooth Wear 341
50. 1 Definitions and Clinical Features 341
50. 2 Aetiology 341
50.
2. 1 Parafunction and Occlusion 341
50.
2. 2 Intrinsic Acids 341
50.
2. 3 Extrinsic Acids 342
50. 3 Prevalence 342
50. 4 Classification 342
50. 5 History and Examination 343
50. 6 Prevention 343
50. 7 Management of Worn Teeth 343
50.
7. 1 Conformative Approach 343
50.
7. 2 Reorganisation Approach 343
50.
7. 3 Occlusal Splint Therapy Prior to VD Increase 344
50.
7. 4 Fixed Restorations 344
50.
7.
4. 1 Direct Fixed Restorations 344
50.
7.
4. 2 Indirect Fixed Restorations 344
50.
7. 5 Crown Lengthening 345
50.
7. 6 Removable Treatment Options 345
50.
7. 7 Maintenance 346
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