Endocrinology of the Heart in Health and Disease

Features:

• Develops the concept of the heart as both an endocrine organ and an endocrine target, exploring the endocrine function of the heart in both health and disease
• Explains how the levels of several cardiac hormones are changed in various cardiac pathologies and how some hormones can be used therapeutically
• Offers a single resource on cardio-endocrine disease which collates and curates the wide range of advances being made in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and pathology

Table Of Contents:

• Dedication
• List of Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
  • The Heart as an Endocrine Organ
  • The Heart as an Endocrine Target
• Acknowledgments
• Part I: The Heart as an Endocrine Organ
  • Chapter

    1. Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides

    • Abstract
    • Historical Perspective
    • Gene Structure of Natriuretic Peptides
    • Translation, Processing, and Storage of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides
    • Circulating Concentrations, Forms, and Metabolism of Natriuretic Peptides
    • Circulating Natriuretic Peptide Signal Peptides
    • Assays Measuring Natriuretic Peptides in the Circulation
    • Bioactivity
    • Natriuretic Peptide as Therapeutic Agents
    • Enhancing Bioactivity
    • Natriuretic Peptides as Biomarkers in Heart Failure
    • References
  • Chapter

    2. Adrenomedullin

    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Molecular Forms, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Adrenomedullin
    • The Adrenomedullin Receptor
    • Cardiac Actions of Adrenomedullin
    • Pathophysiological Function of Adrenomedullin in Cardiac Disease
    • Clinical Applications of Adrenomedullin to Cardiac Disease
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter

    3. Endothelin-1 as a Cardiac-Derived Autocrine, Paracrine and Intracrine Factor in Heart Health and Disease

    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Cardiac Production of ET-1
    • Cardiac ET-1 Production in Heart Disease
    • Expression of Cardiac ET Receptors
    • Cardiac Effects of ET-1
    • Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Cardiac-Derived ET-1: General Concepts
    • Potential Beneficial Effects of ET-1 in Cardiac Function
    • Development of Clinical Strategies aimed at Targeting ET-1
    • Clinical Evaluation of ET Receptor Antagonists for Treating Heart Disease
    • Concluding Comments
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • Chapter

    4. The Cardiokines: An Expanding Family of the Heart Secretome

    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Cellular Components of the Heart Involved in the Cardiac Secretome
    • The Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Heart: Components of the Cardiac Secretome
    • Growth Factor Generation in the Heart
    • Inflammatory Mediators Generated in the Heart
    • Cardiac Exosomes and miRNA
    • Insight into Future Directions
    • Acknowledgement
    • References
  • Chapter

    5. Novel Small Peptide Hormones

    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Endocrine Factors Regulating Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function: Neuronostatin and Adropin
    • Novel Adipokines in the Control of Cardiovascular Function: Nesfatin-1 and Omentin
    • Role of Myokines in Cardiovascular Health: Irisin
    • Modulatory Peptides Encoded by Upstream Short Open Reading Frames of Hormone Receptors: PEP7
    • Summary and Conclusions
    • References
• Part II: The Heart as an Endocrine Target
  • Chapter

    6. Gut-Derived Hormones—Cardiac Effects of Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1

    • Abstract
    • Ghrelin
    • Glucagon-Like Peptide-1
    • References
  • Chapter

    7. Fat Hormones, Adipokines

    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Obesity as a Chronic Proinflammatory State
    • Proinflammatory Adipokines
    • Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter

    8. Neuronal Hormones and the Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Regulation of the Heart

    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Electrical System of the Heart
    • Sympathetic Nervous System of the Heart
    • Concluding Remarks
    • References
  • Chapter

    9. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System and Heart Function

    • Abstract
    • The Conventional Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
    • RAAS and Heart Cell Communication
    • AT1 Receptor as a Mechanosensor
    • Role of ACE Inhibitors and AT1 Receptor Blockers
    • ACE2/Ang (1-7) /Mas Receptor Axis Activation
    • Local Cardiac RAAS, the Intracrine Component
    • Intracellular Renin Alters Chemical Communication and Metabolic Cooperation
    • Mitochondria, the Nucleus and the Intracrine Renin-Angiotensin System
    • Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor
    • New Developments
    • References
  • Chapter

    10. Nuclear Receptors and the Adaptive Response of the Heart

    • Abstract
    • Nuclear Receptors: Introduction
    • PGC Coactivators in the Developing and Diseased Heart
    • Estrogen Receptors
    • Estrogen-Related Receptors
    • Glucocorticoid Receptors
    • Mineralocorticoid Receptors
    • Thyroid Hormone Receptors
    • PPAR Family Receptors
    • Emerging and Associated Players
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter

    11. Adrenergic Receptors

    • Abstract
    • Adrenergic Signaling: Systematic and Updated Overview
    • Sympathetic System and Hypertension
    • Adrenergic Signaling in Heart Failure
    • Pharmacology of Adrenergic Receptor Blockade
    • References
  • Chapter

    12. Insulin Signaling in Cardiac Health and Disease

    • Abstract
    • Abbreviations
    • Introduction
    • Functional Importance of Insulin Receptor Signaling in the Heart
    • Metabolic Effects of Insulin Signaling in the Myocardium
    • Cardiac Insulin Signaling During Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
    • Insulin Signaling and Cardiac Hypertrophy
    • Cardio-Protective Role of Insulin Signaling in Ischemia Reperfusion and Contractile Failure
    • Scope and Future Perspectives
    • References
• Index