Endocrinology of the Heart in Health and Disease

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Features:
Develops the concept of the heart as both an endocrine organ and an endocrine target, exploring the endocrine function of the heart in both health and disease Explains how the levels of several cardiac hormones are changed in various cardiac pathologies and how some hormones can be used therapeutically Offers a single resource on cardio-endocrine disease which collates and curates the wide range of advances being made in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and pathology
Table Of Contents:
Dedication List of Contributors Foreword Preface The Heart as an Endocrine Organ The Heart as an Endocrine Target Acknowledgments Part I: The Heart as an Endocrine Organ Chapter 1. Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides Abstract Historical Perspective Gene Structure of Natriuretic Peptides Translation, Processing, and Storage of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides Circulating Concentrations, Forms, and Metabolism of Natriuretic Peptides Circulating Natriuretic Peptide Signal Peptides Assays Measuring Natriuretic Peptides in the Circulation Bioactivity Natriuretic Peptide as Therapeutic Agents Enhancing Bioactivity Natriuretic Peptides as Biomarkers in Heart Failure References Chapter 2. Adrenomedullin Abstract Introduction Molecular Forms, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Adrenomedullin The Adrenomedullin Receptor Cardiac Actions of Adrenomedullin Pathophysiological Function of Adrenomedullin in Cardiac Disease Clinical Applications of Adrenomedullin to Cardiac Disease Conclusion References Chapter 3. Endothelin-1 as a Cardiac-Derived Autocrine, Paracrine and Intracrine Factor in Heart Health and Disease Abstract Introduction Cardiac Production of ET-1 Cardiac ET-1 Production in Heart Disease Expression of Cardiac ET Receptors Cardiac Effects of ET-1 Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Cardiac-Derived ET-1: General Concepts Potential Beneficial Effects of ET-1 in Cardiac Function Development of Clinical Strategies aimed at Targeting ET-1 Clinical Evaluation of ET Receptor Antagonists for Treating Heart Disease Concluding Comments Acknowledgements References Chapter 4. The Cardiokines: An Expanding Family of the Heart Secretome Abstract Introduction Cellular Components of the Heart Involved in the Cardiac Secretome The Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Heart: Components of the Cardiac Secretome Growth Factor Generation in the Heart Inflammatory Mediators Generated in the Heart Cardiac Exosomes and miRNA Insight into Future Directions Acknowledgement References Chapter 5. Novel Small Peptide Hormones Abstract Introduction Endocrine Factors Regulating Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function: Neuronostatin and Adropin Novel Adipokines in the Control of Cardiovascular Function: Nesfatin-1 and Omentin Role of Myokines in Cardiovascular Health: Irisin Modulatory Peptides Encoded by Upstream Short Open Reading Frames of Hormone Receptors: PEP7 Summary and Conclusions References Part II: The Heart as an Endocrine Target Chapter 6. Gut-Derived Hormones—Cardiac Effects of Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Abstract Ghrelin Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 References Chapter 7. Fat Hormones, Adipokines Abstract Introduction Obesity as a Chronic Proinflammatory State Proinflammatory Adipokines Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines Conclusion References Chapter 8. Neuronal Hormones and the Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Regulation of the Heart Abstract Introduction Electrical System of the Heart Sympathetic Nervous System of the Heart Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System and Heart Function Abstract The Conventional Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System RAAS and Heart Cell Communication AT1 Receptor as a Mechanosensor Role of ACE Inhibitors and AT1 Receptor Blockers ACE2/Ang (1-7) /Mas Receptor Axis Activation Local Cardiac RAAS, the Intracrine Component Intracellular Renin Alters Chemical Communication and Metabolic Cooperation Mitochondria, the Nucleus and the Intracrine Renin-Angiotensin System Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor New Developments References Chapter 10. Nuclear Receptors and the Adaptive Response of the Heart Abstract Nuclear Receptors: Introduction PGC Coactivators in the Developing and Diseased Heart Estrogen Receptors Estrogen-Related Receptors Glucocorticoid Receptors Mineralocorticoid Receptors Thyroid Hormone Receptors PPAR Family Receptors Emerging and Associated Players Summary References Chapter 11. Adrenergic Receptors Abstract Adrenergic Signaling: Systematic and Updated Overview Sympathetic System and Hypertension Adrenergic Signaling in Heart Failure Pharmacology of Adrenergic Receptor Blockade References Chapter 12. Insulin Signaling in Cardiac Health and Disease Abstract Abbreviations Introduction Functional Importance of Insulin Receptor Signaling in the Heart Metabolic Effects of Insulin Signaling in the Myocardium Cardiac Insulin Signaling During Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Insulin Signaling and Cardiac Hypertrophy Cardio-Protective Role of Insulin Signaling in Ischemia Reperfusion and Contractile Failure Scope and Future Perspectives References Index