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Medicine at a Glance
The market?leading?at a Glance?series is popular among healthcare students and newly qualified practitioners for its concise and simple approach and excellent illustrations.
Each bite?sized chapter is covered in a double?page spread with clear, easy?to?follow diagrams, supported by succinct explanatory text.
Covering a wide range of topics, books in the?at a Glance?series are ideal as introductory texts for teaching, learning and revision, and are useful throughout university and beyond.
Everything you need to know about Medicine??at a Glance!
Discover a fully updated and comprehensive revision guide for the core medical curriculum
In the newly revised Fifth Edition of?Medicine at a Glance, expert general physicians and cardiologists, Dr Patrick Davey and Dr Alex Pitcher, deliver a fully updated and comprehensive overview of the core medical curriculum. All topics are presented in an intuitive, double-page spread style with four-colour illustrations included to aid in learning and retention. The book is an essential tool for medical students revising for exams and an excellent reference for those on clinical attachments.
The Fifth Edition includes expanded coverage of COVID, neurology, fluid management, and medical emergencies. As the perfect practical companion for medical students for on-the-go study and review,?Medicine at a Glance?offers access to a companion website and a bundled ?Core Cases? book.
Every bite-sized chapter is supported by clear, easy-to-follow diagrams and succinct explanatory text. The book also offers:
- A thorough introduction to the practice of medicine generally and how to be a medical student, including discussions of patient confidentiality and consent, patient relationships, complaint history, medical history, and the principles of examination
- Comprehensive explorations of clinical presentations at a glance, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, renal medicine, and more
- Practical discussions of diseases and treatments at a glance, including endocrinology, infectious disease, haematology, and more
- In-depth examinations of miscellaneous medical issues, including fluid replacement therapy, psychiatric disorders, and substance misuse
Perfect for medical students, Foundation Programme Doctors, and Physician Associates,?Medicine at a Glance?is also an indispensable resource for anyone training in the allied health professions seeking a fully updated and comprehensive clinical medicine revision guide.
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Table of Contents:
- How to use your revision guide
- About the companion website
- Part 1: Introduction
- 1 How to be a medical student
- Good doctors
- Hippocratic oath and the modern perspective
- Healthcare systems
- How to learn
- How to behave on the wards
- 2 Patient confidentiality
- The duty to maintain confidentiality
- Consent to disclose confidential information
- Breaches of confidentiality
- Confidentiality, privacy and data protection
- 3 Consent
- Mental capacity and consent
- Consent and children
- 4 Relationship with the patient
- Sequence of the consultation
- Privacy
- Language
- Relatives, friends and chaperones
- Hand washing and hospital?acquired infection
- 5 History of presenting complaint
- Let the patient talk
- More specific questioning
- Premorbid functional status
- Patients? understanding of their illness
- Focus on the main problems
- Summarize your findings
- 6 Past medical history, drugs and allergies
- Past medical history
- Drug history
- Allergies
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- 7 Family and social history
- Family history
- Social history
- Travel history
- 8 Functional enquiry
- 9 Basic clinical skills
- Clinical assessment of the patient
- Taking the history
- Examination of the patient
- Formulating a differential diagnosis
- Co?ordinating diagnosis with safe care of the patient
- Presenting the case
- 10 Principles of examination
- Inspect
- Palpate
- Percuss
- Auscultate
- Record findings
- 11 Is the patient ill?
- Assessment of ill patients
- General findings
- Consciousness
- 12 The critically ill patient
- Recognition of the critically ill patient
- Examination of the critically ill patient
- Examination of critically ill patients? charts
- Admission to intensive care
- Treatment of the critically sick patient
- Part 2: Clinical presentations at a glance
- 13 Chest pain
- Diagnostic assessment of acute chest pain
- Typical myocardial ischaemic pain (cardiac pain)
- Aortic dissection
- Pleuritic pain
- Musculoskeletal chest pain
- Gastro?oesophageal pain
- Gall bladder disease
- 14 Oedema
- Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Treatment
- 15 Palpitations
- 16 The painful leg
- 17 Heart murmurs
- Aetiology of valvar lesions
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Valve intervention
- 18 Shock
- Useful investigations in diagnosis and management
- General principles of management
- Specific treatments
- 19 Breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis
- Breathlessness
- Cough
- Haemoptysis
- 20 Wheeze (stridor)
- Investigations
- 21 Pleural effusion
- Definition
- Introduction
- Clinical approach
- Investigations
- Management
- 22 Pneumothorax
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Prognosis
- 23 Unintentional weight loss
- Overall approach
- Epidemiology
- Differential diagnosis
- Consequences of weight loss
- Clinical features
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- 24 Constipation and change in bowel habit
- Chronic constipation
- Change in bowel habit in older patients
- 25 Diarrhoea: acute and chronic
- Acute diarrhoea
- Chronic diarrhoea
- 26 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction
- Intestinal obstruction
- Chronic vomiting
- 27 Haematemesis and melaena
- Introduction
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical clues to the diagnosis
- Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Surgery
- 28 Rectal bleeding
- Acute lower GI haemorrhage
- Chronic rectal bleeding
- 29 Dysphagia
- Introduction
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical features
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Neuromuscular dysphagia
- 30 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia
- Abdominal pain
- Dyspepsia
- 31 Jaundice
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Differential diagnosis
- Clinical features and history
- Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- 32 Abdominal mass
- Differential diagnosis
- Investigations
- 33 Ascites
- Clinical features and investigations
- Management
- 34 Polyuria and oliguria
- Polyuria
- Oliguria in the hospital setting
- Urinary retention
- 35 Dysuria, frequency and urgency
- Acute pyelonephritis
- Acute cystitis
- Urethritis
- Investigations
- 36 Haematuria
- History and examination
- Investigations
- 37 Sweating, flushing and thyroid swellings
- Sweating
- Flushing
- Thyroid swellings
- 38 Obesity
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Aetiopathogenesis of ?simple obesity?
- Assessment of the obese patient
- Complications
- Management
- 39 Hirsutism and infertility
- Hirsutism
- Infertility
- 40 Erectile dysfunction and gynaecomastia
- Erectile dysfunction
- Gynaecomastia
- 41 Principles of infection
- The scope of infectious disease
- Principles of managing infection
- Host and microbial factors leading to infection
- Disease production
- Potential clinical consequences of infection
- Prevention of infection
- Treatment of infection
- 42 Investigation of suspected infection
- Full blood count
- CRP and ESR
- Liver function tests
- Microscopy
- Culture
- Serology
- Histology
- Molecular methods
- Imaging
- 43 An approach to the patient with fever of short duration
- Fever
- Assessment of the patient with fever
- Examination
- Investigations
- Non?infective causes of fever in acutely unwell patients
- Infective causes
- Specific conditions that should not be missed
- 44 Healthcare?associated infections
- Nosocomial fever
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
- Fever in the neutropenic patient
- 45 Fever of unknown origin
- Classic fever of unknown origin
- Approach to diagnosis
- Investigations (see Chapter 42 for details)
- 46 Fever and rash
- Diffuse erythema
- Vesiculo?bullous rashes
- Petechial?purpuric rashes
- Maculopapular rashes
- Nodular lesions
- Other rashes/lesions of importance
- 47 Fever in HIV?infected patients
- History
- Examination
- Diagnosis
- Management
- 48 Fever in the returned traveller
- Incidence
- Most common imported infections
- Diagnosis
- Management
- 49 Vaginal discharge and urethritis in men
- Vaginal discharge
- Urethritis in men
- 50 Anaemia
- Clinical features
- Classification
- Functional classification
- Investigations
- Treatment
- 51 Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
- Lymphadenopathy
- Splenomegaly
- 52 The patient with abnormal bleeding or bruising
- Examination
- Investigations
- Treatment
- 53 Leukopenia
- Neutropenia
- Lymphopenia
- 54 Oncological emergencies
- Superior vena caval obstruction
- Malignant spinal cord compression
- Tumour lysis syndrome
- 55 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 1: Neuroepidemiology
- 56 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 2
- Six steps to neurological diagnosis
- Lesion localization
- 57 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 3
- Eye movements
- Spinal cord
- Nerve roots
- Lesion localization in peripheral nerve and muscle
- 58 Common neurological symptoms
- Difficulty walking
- Differential diagnosis of ataxia
- Dizziness
- 59 Weakness
- Weakness of all four limbs
- Weakness of one limb
- Weakness of one side of the body
- Weakness of both lower limbs (paraparesis)
- Weakness of both upper limbs
- 60 Disturbance of vision: a neurological perspective
- Visual loss
- Typical clinical presentations of ?neurological? causes of visual loss
- Double vision
- Pupils
- 61 Sudden painless loss of vision
- More urgent
- Less urgent
- 62 Tremor and other involuntary movements
- Common causes of tremor
- Other abnormal movements
- 63 Headache and facial pain
- Classification of primary headache
- Other causes of headache
- 64 Episodic alterations in awareness and consciousness
- Cardiovascular causes of loss of consciousness
- Neurological causes of loss of consciousness
- Prognosis in syncope
- Other causes of altered consciousness
- 65 The red eye
- No pain/just uncomfortable, with normal vision
- Painful, vision might be affected
- Painful, vision affected
- 66 Introduction to rheumatological disease
- Key points in clinical assessment
- History
- Examination
- Investigation
- Core principles in rheumatology
- 67 Low back pain and other regional pain syndromes
- Low back pain
- Regional pain syndromes
- 68 Introduction to dermatology
- History
- Morphology
- Special investigations
- Dermatological treatment
- 69 Pruritus and rashes
- Pruritus
- Rashes
- 70 Hair and nail disorders
- Hirsutes and hypertrichosis
- Alopecia
- Nail disorders
- 71 Leg ulcers
- Clinical features
- Examination
- Investigations
- Treatment
- 72 Photodermatoses
- 73 Pelvic pain
- Clinical approach
- Acute pelvic pain
- Chronic pelvic pain
- 74 Urinary incontinence
- Diagnosis
- Types of urinary incontinence
- 75 Attempted suicide by drug poisoning
- History
- Drug information
- Examination
- Immediate treatment
- Some specific commonly ingested poisons
- 76 Anaphylaxis
- Mechanism
- Clinical features
- Source of allergen
- Differential diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- 77 Allergic reactions
- Inhalant allergy
- Food allergy
- Angioedema
- Urticaria
- Investigation of allergic disease
- 78 Cardiac and respiratory arrest
- Causes of cardiac and respiratory arrest
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- 79 Delirium
- Recognition of delirium
- Diagnosing the cause of delirium
- Prevention and management of delirium
- 80 Coma
- Assessment of the level of consciousness
- Priorities in the management of the comatose patient
- Clinical assessment of the comatose patient
- Further management
- Prognosis
- Part 3: Diseases and treatments at a glance
- 81 Hypertension
- Definition
- Incidence
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Effects of hypertension
- Severity
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Hypertension urgencies and emergencies
- 82 Hyperlipidaemia
- Definition and incidence
- Lipid metabolism and lipoproteins
- Secondary hyperlipidaemias
- Genetic hyperlipidaemias
- Lipids in atherosclerosis
- Lipid lowering and risk factor modification
- Multiple risk factor modification
- 83 Acute coronary syndromes
- General approach
- Diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia
- Differential diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia
- Physical examination
- Investigations
- Acute coronary syndromes including acute STEMI
- 84 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- Demographics
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Complications
- Prognosis and rehabilitation
- Risk stratification
- 85 Chronic coronary syndromes
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic testing in chronic chest pain syndromes
- Risk stratification
- Treatment
- 86 Acute aortic dissection
- Risk factors
- Pathology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Prognosis
- 87 Heart failure
- Symptoms and signs
- Pathophysiology
- Classification
- Demographics and prognosis
- Aetiology
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Complications
- 88 Aortic valve disease
- Aortic stenosis
- Aortic regurgitation
- 89 Mitral valve disease
- Mitral stenosis
- Mitral prolapse
- Mitral regurgitation
- 90 Cardiomyopathies
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- 91 Pericardial disease
- Acute pericarditis
- Pericardial effusion
- Constrictive pericarditis
- 92 Pulmonary embolism
- Definition
- Risk factors
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment (Table
92. 1)
Chronic thromboembolic diseaseThrombophilia93 Cardiac infectionsInfective endocarditisMyocarditisPericarditisRheumatic fever94 TachyarrhythmiasClinical featuresKey facts for understanding arrhythmiasSupraventricular arrhythmiasAtrial flutterVentricular tachycardiasVentricular fibrillation95 BradyarrhythmiasDefinition and clinical featuresAetiologySinoatrial node diseaseAtrioventricular blockInvestigationsTreatment96 Congenital heart diseaseDefinition and incidenceClassificationVentricular septal defectAtrial septal defectPatent ductus arteriosusEisenmenger syndromeCoarctation of the aortaComplex congenital heart diseaseAdult congenital heart disease97 Lung function testsSpirometric tests of airway functionLung volumesTests of gas exchangeOther investigations98 Overnight oximetry and sleep apnoeaObstructive sleep apnoea99 Respiratory failureWhat is the A?a gradient?Causes of hypoxaemiaCauses of hypercapniaSymptoms and signs of respiratory failureTreatment of respiratory failure100 Arterial blood gas analysisBlood gas valuesAcid?base homeostasisA practical approach to blood gas interpretation101 Chest X?ray anatomyChest anatomy seen on posteroanterior viewImportant anatomical landmarks and structures on a normal chest X?ray102 Basic chest X?ray interpretation103 Chest X?ray cases 1CardiomegalyPulmonary oedemaPleural effusionProsthetic heart valvesPleural plaques104 Chest X?ray cases 2PneumothoraxHaemothoraxLobar collapseTubes, lines and prostheses105 Non?invasive ventilationIndicationsContinuous positive airways pressureNegative and positive pressure ventilation106 Mechanical ventilationIndicationsVentilator set?upMode of ventilationPhysiological responses to mechanical ventilationComplicationsRescue therapies107 Lower respiratory tract infection: pneumoniaCommunity?acquired pneumoniaHospital?acquired pneumoniaLung abscessPneumonia in the immunocompromised108 Upper respiratory tract infection109 AsthmaDefinitionEpidemiologyAetiologyPathologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagementPrognosis110 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDefinitionEpidemiologyAetiologyPathologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagementPrognosis111 BronchiectasisDefinition and epidemiologyAetiologyPathophysiologyClinical featuresComplicationsInvestigationsManagementPrognosis112 Cystic fibrosisDefinitionEpidemiologyAetiologyPathophysiologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagementPrognosis113 Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous lung diseasesSarcoidosisBeryllium diseaseHistiocytosis X (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)114 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis)DefinitionEpidemiologyAetiologyPathophysiologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagementPrognosis115 Pulmonary fibrosisDefinitionAetiologyEpidemiologyPathologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagementPrognosis116 Pulmonary eosinophilia and vasculitisPulmonary eosinophiliaVasculitis without eosinophiliaGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)Other immunologically mediated disease of the lung117 Fungi and the lungCommon fungal lung infectionsOther fungal lung infections118 Industrial lung diseaseDust inhalation diseasesAsbestosisOther asbestos?related diseases: mesotheliomaPleural plaques, pleural thickening and pleural effusionCoal worker?s pneumoconiosisSilicosis119 Lung disease caused by drugsClinical featuresRadiological featuresInvestigations120 BOOP and ARDSBronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumoniaAcute respiratory distress syndrome121 Primary tumours of the lungEpidemiologyAetiologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagementPrognosis122 Gastrointestinal infectionsAcute gastroenteritisChronic infections123 RefluxIncidencePathophysiologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagement and prognosisBarrett?s oesophagus124 Peptic ulcer diseaseDuodenal ulcerGastric ulcer125 Iron deficiencyClinical featuresHistoryExaminationInvestigationsManagement126 Abnormal liver chemistryOverall approachExaminationInvestigationsManagement127 Diverticular diseaseIncidencePathophysiologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagement and prognosis128 Inflammatory bowel diseaseUlcerative colitisCrohn?s disease129 Gallstone diseasePathophysiologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagement and prognosis130 MalabsorptionClinical features and examinationInvestigationsManagementDiseases causing malabsorption131 Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancerAcute pancreatitisChronic pancreatitisPancreatic cancer132 Inflammatory liver disease: viral and immuneViral hepatitisAutoimmune hepatitisPrimary biliary cirrhosisClinical featuresInvestigationsManagement and prognosisPrimary sclerosing cholangitisClinical featuresInvestigationsManagement and prognosis133 Metabolic liver disease (including alcohol)Alcoholic liver diseaseHaemochromatosisWilson disease134 Acute and chronic liver diseaseAcute hepatitisAcute liver failureChronic liver disease135 Functional gastrointestinal disordersIncidence and pathophysiologyClinical featuresManagement and prognosis136 Upper gastrointestinal cancerOesophageal carcinomaGastric carcinoma137 Colorectal cancerIncidencePathophysiologyClinical featuresInvestigationsManagement and prognosisScreening138 NutritionIdentification of malnutrition in hospital patientsNutritional supportRefeeding syndrome139 Renal physiology and function testsGlomerular functionRenal concentrating abilityAmino acid conserving functionRenal acid?base controlElectrolyte controlHormonal function140 Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemiaHypokalaemiaHyperkalaemia141 Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemiaHyponatraemiaSyndrome of inappropriate ADH secretionHypernatraemia142 Disorders of acid?base balanceMetabolic acidosisMetabolic alkalosisRespiratory acidosisRespiratory alkalosisMixed acid?base disorders143 Urinary calculiAetiologyPresentationInvestigationsManagementPrevention144 Nephrotic and nephritic syndromesProteinuria and the nephrotic syndromeThe nephrotic syndromeThe nephritic syndrome145 GlomerulonephritisAcute glomerulonephritisChronic glomerulonephritis146 Renal involvement in systemic diseaseDiabetes mellitusMyelomaAmyloidosisHaemolytic uraemic syndromeRenovascular diseaseRenal vasculitisGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)Microscopic polyangiitisGoodpasture syndromePolyarteritis nodosaSystemic lupus erythematosusHenoch?Sch?nlein purpuraSclerodermaCryoglobulinaemia147 Hereditary renal disordersAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseaseSimple cystsOther inherited disorders affecting the kidney148 Tubulointerstitial diseaseAcute interstitial nephritisCholesterol emboliChronic interstitial nephritis and chronic pyelonephritisIsolated/specific tubular defectsReflux nephropathyOther congenital malformations of the urinary tract149 Acute renal failurePre?renal causesRenal causesPostrenal causesDiagnostic approachManagement150 Chronic renal failure and the dialysis patientManagement (see Table
150. 1)
151 The renal transplant recipient152 Drugs and renal failureEffect of renal impairment on excretionEffect of renal impairment on drug actionEffect of drug on the kidneys153 Benign prostatic hypertrophyExaminationInvestigationsManagement154 Urinary tract infectionInvestigationsManagement155 Diabetes and its complicationsDefinitionDiagnosisClassification and pathophysiologyManagementComplications of diabetes156 Diabetic emergenciesDiabetic ketoacidosisHyperosmolar hyperglycaemic stateLactic acidosis157 Hyperprolactinaemia and acromegalyHyperprolactinaemiaAcromegaly158 HypothyroidismEpidemiologyCausesClinical featuresInvestigationsManagementMyxoedema comaCongenital hypothyroidism159 HyperthyroidismDefinition and epidemiologyCausesClinical featuresInvestigationsManagement160 Calcium metabolismAcute hypercalcaemiaHypocalcaemia161 Adrenal diseaseAdrenal failureHyperaldosteronismPhaeochromocytomaCushing?s syndrome162 Miscellaneous endocrine disordersDiseases of the pituitary glandPituitary tumoursArginine Vasopressin Deficiency (AVP?D) or Arginine Vasopressin Resistance (AVP?R)Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretionMultiple endocrine neoplasia163 HypogonadismMale hypogonadismFemale hypogonadismMenstrual failure (amenorrhoea)164 Bacteraemia and septic shockDefinitionsEpidemiologyClinical manifestations of sepsisManagementPrognosis165 Herpes virus infections in adultsEpstein?Barr virusDiagnosis and treatmentHerpes simplex virusVaricella?zoster virusCytomegalovirus166 HIV infection and advanced HIV diseaseEpidemiologyPathogenesisClinical patternsDiagnosis of HIV infectionTreatment of HIV infectionCommon opportunistic infections167 Common fungal infectionsCandida speciesAspergillus speciesCryptococcal disease168 Specific bacterial infectionsListeriosisBrucellosisTetanusLyme diseaseSyphilis169 MalariaEpidemiologyPathogenesisClinical featuresDiagnosisDifferential diagnosisTreatment and management170 TuberculosisEpidemiologyPathogenesisPrimary infectionPulmonary TBExtrapulmonary diseaseDiagnosisTreatment171 Tropical infectious diseasesEnteric feverDengueSchistosomiasisRickettsial/other tick?borne infectionsLeptospirosisViral haemorrhagic fevers172 Diseases predisposing to infectionDiseases predisposing to infections with common bacterial pathogensStructural factors predisposing to infectionMiscellaneous conditionsDiseases predisposing to infection with unusual pathogens173 Immunological deficiency syndromesAntibody deficiency syndromesT?cell deficienciesSevere combined immunodeficiencyNeutrophil disordersComplement deficiency174 Haematinic deficiency anaemiasIron deficiencyVitamin B12 deficiencyPernicious anaemiaFolate deficiency175 Haemolytic anaemiaGeneral laboratory abnormalities in haemolysisHereditary haemolytic anaemiasAcquired haemolytic anaemiasMicroangiopathic haemolytic anaemiaCardiac haemolysisThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)Haemolytic uraemic syndrome176 Thalassaemia and sickle cell diseaseThalassaemiaSickle cell diseaseOther haemoglobin variants177 Bone marrow failureAcquired aplastic anaemiaParoxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuriaCongenital aplastic anaemia178 Acute leukaemiaEpidemiologySymptoms and signsInvestigationsManagementPrognosis179 LymphomaGeneral principlesSuspecting and investigating malignant lymphoid diseasesClassical Hodgkin lymphomaNodular lymphocyte?predominant HL180 Non?Hodgkin lymphomaAetiologyClinical classificationLow?grade NHLHigh?grade NHL181 Myeloproliferative neoplasmsChronic myeloid leukaemiaMyelofibrosisPolycythaemia vera (PV)Essential thrombocythaemia (ET)182 MyelomaPathophysiologyClinical features and investigationsTreatment and prognosisMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance183 MyelodysplasiaClinical featuresDiagnosisTreatment and prognosis184 The blood in systemic diseaseAnaemia of chronic diseaseAnaemia of acute diseaseLeukoerythroblastic anaemiaPolycythaemiaLeukocytosisThrombocytosis185 Platelet disordersPhysiology of haemostasisPlatelet disorders186 Disorders of coagulationIn vitro tests of clottingIn vivo coagulationInherited disorders of coagulationAcquired disorders of coagulation187 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugsAntiplatelet agentsAnticoagulants188 ThrombophiliaInherited thrombophiliaAcquired thrombophilia189 Aetiology of cancerEnvironmental causes of carcinogenesisInherited factors contributing to the development of cancerGenetic mechanisms underlying carcinogenesisFactors underlying the growth and spread of tumours190 Diagnostic strategies and basic principles of cancer managementImportant diagnostic strategiesPrinciples of surgical oncologyBasic principles of radiotherapySystemic anticancer therapyBasic principles of chemotherapyOther therapies191 Cancer screening and early detectionPrinciples of screeningBreast cancerColorectal cancerCervical cancerThe future for screeningEducation and awareness192 Breast cancerEpidemiology and aetiologyMolecular geneticsPathologyHistological grading and pathologyInvestigationsStagingTreatment of early?stage breast cancerFollow?upLocally advanced breast cancerMetastatic/advanced breast cancer193 Prostate cancerAetiologyPathologyClinical presentationStaging (see Table
193. 1)
Clinical approachInvestigationsGeneticsTreatment of localized prostate cancerMetastatic prostate cancer194 Cancer with an unknown primaryInitial work?upNeoplasms of unknown primary siteNeuroendocrine carcinomaGeneral approach to management195 Paraneoplastic cancer syndromes and hormone?producing cancersPathogenesisAnaemiaCachexiaSyndrome of inappropriate ADH secretionHypercalcaemiaCushing syndromeHypoglycaemiaNeurological paraneoplastic syndromesDermatological paraneoplastic syndromesRare syndromes196 Palliative carePainThe terminal phase of illness and end?of?life care197 Head computed tomography casesIntracranial haemorrhageCerebral infarctionIntracranial tumours198 Head magnetic resonance imaging casesIntracranial haemorrhageCerebral infarction and diffusion?weighted MRIIntracranial tumours199 StrokeKey featuresTime course of strokesAnatomy of strokesRisk factors for stroke200 Management of strokeAcute managementLong?term management (see Table
200. 1)
201 Other vascular disorders of the brainSubarachnoid haemorrhageSubdural haemorrhageVenous sinus thrombosis202 DementiasAlzheimer diseaseFrontotemporal dementiaVascular dementiaDementia with Lewy bodiesPrion diseasesCognitive impairment in younger patients203 EpilepsyCauses of seizuresEpidemiologySimplified classificationDiagnosisSpecific syndromesTreatment204 Multiple sclerosisClinical spectrumClinical featuresDiagnosisDifferential diagnosisPrognosisTreatmentNeuromyelitis optica205 Infections of the central nervous systemMeningitisEncephalitisCerebral abscessPrion diseasesParasitic diseasesNeurological consequences of HIV disease206 Tumours and the nervous systemNeoplasia and the CNSSpecific tumoursMalignant meningitisParaneoplastic disordersNeurocutaneous syndromes207 Spinal cord diseaseAcute spinal cord compressionProgressive spastic paraparesisTransverse myelitisAnterior spinal artery thrombosisDisc prolapseSyringomyeliaSpinal shock208 Neuromuscular diseaseThe motor unitMotor neuron diseasePoliomyelitisMyasthenia gravisInflammatory myopathiesMuscular dystrophiesMyotonic dystrophyMetabolic myopathies209 Peripheral neuropathyClinical approachNeuropathy classificationPolyneuropathiesCommon mononeuropathiesRarer mononeuropathiesMononeuritis multiplex210 Movement disordersParkinsonismNeurodegenerative akinetic?rigid syndromes mimicking Parkinson diseaseDystoniaHuntington diseaseDrug?induced movement disordersMovement disorders in young people211 OsteoarthritisEpidemiologyAetiology and pathogenesisClassificationClinical featuresPhysical findingsSubsets of osteoarthritisInvestigationsManagement212 Gout and pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate arthropathy)GoutPseudogout (CPPD arthropathy)213 Arthritis associated with infectious agentsDefinitionsEpidemiology of joint infectionSeptic arthritisArthritis as a feature of systemic infection214 VasculitisDefinitionKey pointsEpidemiology and pathogenesisHistory and examinationInvestigations (See also Table
66. 1)
Prognosis and treatmentKawasaki arteritis215 Metabolic bone diseaseOsteoporosisOsteomalacia/ricketsParathyroid and renal bone disease216 Other bone diseasePaget diseaseOsteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)Osteomyelitis217 Rheumatoid arthritisEpidemiologyAetiology and pathogenesisClinical features at onset/earlyClinical features: established/chronic RAInvestigationsManagementPharmacological therapy (Table
217. 2)
Prognosis and outcome218 Inflammatory spondyloarthropathiesEpidemiologyClinical featuresAnkylosing spondylitis (r?AxSpA)Psoriatic arthritis (pPsA ? axSpA)Management of psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitisReactive arthritisEnteropathic arthritis219 Systemic lupus erythematosusAetiology and epidemiologyClinical features and classification criteriaImmunology and other investigations in SLEManagement and therapyPrognosis220 Myositis syndromes, polymyalgia rheumatica and systemic sclerosisMyositisPolymyalgia rheumaticaSystemic sclerosis221 Eczema and urticariaAtopic dermatitisOther types of endogenous eczemaContact dermatitisUrticariaUrticarial vasculitisHereditary angioedema222 PsoriasisAetiology, pathogenesis and clinical featuresInvestigations, management and prognosisManagement and prognosisReactive arthritis223 Blistering diseasesCongenital blistering diseasesToxic epidermal necrolysis: Lyell syndromeBullous pemphigoidPemphigus vulgarisDermatitis herpetiformis224 Skin infections and infestationsStaphylococciStreptococciHerpes skin infectionsWartsMolluscaFungal infectionsParasitosisMycobacteria and the skin225 Acne, rosacea and hidradenitisAcne vulgarisRosaceaHidradenitis suppurativa226 The skin and systemic diseaseRaynaud phenomenonHuman immunodeficiency virusDrug eruptionsVasculitisSkin markers of internal malignancySystemic sclerosis227 Disorders of skin pigmentationHyperpigmentationHypopigmentationVitiligo228 Skin tumoursPremalignant diseaseMalignant diseaseLymphoma229 Orogenital diseaseOral disordersVulval disordersPenile disordersGenital ulcerationOrogenital syndromes230 Endometriosis and adenomyosisEndometriosisAdenomyosis231 Polycystic ovary syndromeDiagnosisClinical consequencesManagement232 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancyEffects of pregnancy on maternal cardiovascular systemClassificationGestational hypertensionPre?eclampsia233 Cardiovascular disease in pregnancyMaternal heart disease in pregnancyThromboembolic disease in pregnancy234 Other medical and surgical conditions in pregnancyNeurological diseases in pregnancyNeurological emergencies in pregnancyPsychiatric disorders in pregnancyPulmonary disease in pregnancyRenal disease in pregnancyAutoimmune diseases in pregnancySurgical conditions in pregnancy235 Fluid replacement therapyAssessment of hypovolaemiaManagement of severely hypovolaemic patientsWhich fluid should be chosen?236 Illness in elderly peoplePremorbid conditionPolypharmacyDifferential diagnosisClinical presentations and diseasesSpecific issuesDiagnostic issuesConsequence and treatment of illnessRehabilitation237 Chronic tiredness and other medically unexplained symptomsChronic fatigueMedically unexplained symptomsSomatic symptom disorder (SSD, formerly known as somatization disorder)Chronic fatigue syndrome238 Psychiatric disordersCommon psychological illnesses seen in medical practiceSchizophreniaAffective (mood) disordersSubstance misuse239 Substance misuseAetiology and managementSpecific substances240 Alcohol misuseSafe limitsClassificationEpidemiologyDetection and screeningAetiologyComplicationsManagementPrognosis241 Drug toxicity (adverse drug reactions)Predictable side?effectsIncreased tissue action of the drugToxicity arising from predictable drug?drug interactionsToxicity arising from other predictable mechanismsImmune reactionsUnpredictable and other mechanisms giving rise to toxicityDiagnosisManagement242 COVID?19EpidemiologyPathogenesisClinical featuresDiagnosisTreatment and managementPreventing infectionIndexEnd User License Agreement
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