Modern Critical Care Endocrinology, An Issue of Critical Care Clinics, Volume 35-2

Description:

This issue of Critical Care Clinics, Guest Edited by Dr.

Rinaldo Bellomo, focuses on Modern Critical Care Endocrinology.

Article topics include: Diabetes insipidus and SIADH in the ICU; Estrogen therapy in ICU patients; The angiotensin family, ACE and ACE 2; Angiotensin II in vasodilatory shock; Vasopressin in vasodilatory shock; Hydrocortisone in vasodilatory shock; Erythropoietin in trauma and critical illness; HbA1c and permissive hyperglycemia in diabetic ICU patients; Osteoporosis and the critically ill patient; New oral agents for the treatment of diabetes; Melatonin in critical care; The incretins in ICU patients; Hepcidin; Thyroid hormone therapy in the ICU; and Hormonal therapy in organ donors.

· Diabetes Insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone in Critically Ill Patients

· Key points

· Introduction

· Diabetes insipidus

· Fluid resuscitation and hypernatremia correction

· Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

· The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

· Summary

· Hormone Therapy in Trauma Patients

· Key points

· Glucocorticoids therapy

· Safety concerns

· Other hormones therapies

· Summary

· Classic and Nonclassic Renin-Angiotensin Systems in the Critically Ill

· Key points

· Introduction

· The circulating classic renin-angiotensin system

· Physiology of the circulating classic renin-angiotensin system

· The nonclassic renin-angiotensin system

· Renin-angiotensin systems and the immune system

· Angiotensin II in vasodilatory shock and sepsis

· Angiotensin-converting enzymes in acute respiratory distress syndrome

· Place of renin-angiotensin systems in acute kidney injury

· Integration of renin-angiotensin system physiology in critical illness

· Summary

· Angiotensin II in Vasodilatory Shock

· Key points

· Introduction

· Vasodilatory shock

· Hemodynamic targets for management of vasodilatory shock

· Angiotensin II physiology

· Angiotensin II use in vasodilatory shock

· Angiotensin II safety profile

· Angiotensin II and special populations

· Illustrative case and concepts on the practical application of angiotensin II

· Summary

· Vasopressin in Vasodilatory Shock

· Key points

· Introduction

· Mechanisms of vasodilatory shock and vasoplegia

· Vasopressin

· Vasopressin and Vasodilatory Shock

· Summary

· Hydrocortisone in Vasodilatory Shock

· Key points

· Regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and vasoplegia of sepsis

· Clinical trials of hydrocortisone in septic shock

· Practice recommendations

· Summary and future questions

· Erythropoietin in Critical Illness and Trauma

· Key points

· Introduction

· History of erythropoietin

· Structure of erythropoietin and mechanism of enhanced erythropoiesis

· Anemia in critical illness

· Erythropoietin as a red blood cell transfusion-sparing agent in critical illness

· Erythropoietin—more than just erythropoiesis

· Endogenous erythropoietin has protective effects following tissue injury

· Exogenous erythropoietin may improve survival and reduces severe disability in trauma patients

· Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of erythropoietin in critically ill trauma patients

· Erythropoietin—the most protective dose, route, and frequency of administration in the critically ill

· Erythropoietin—is it safe in critically ill trauma patients?

· Nonerythropoietin ligands of the innate repair receptor

· Summary

· Hemoglobin A1c and Permissive Hyperglycemia in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit with Diabetes

· Key points

· Introduction

· Assessing chronic glycemia in critically ill patients

· Glycated hemoglobin A1c, acute hyperglycemia, and outcome

· Glycated hemoglobin A1c, hypoglycemia, and outcome

· Glycated hemoglobin A1c, glucose variability, and outcome

· Permissive hyperglycemia

· Summary

· Osteoporosis and the Critically Ill Patient

· Key points

· Introduction

· Summary

· New Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

· Key points

· Introduction

· Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors

· Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists

· Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

· Summary

· Melatonin in Critical Care

· Key points

· Introduction

· Sleep disorders and delirium in critically ill patients

· Sepsis

· Sedation and analgesia

· Neuroprotection

· Treatment and prevention of stress-induced gastric ulcers

· Summary

· Incretin Physiology and Pharmacology in the Intensive Care Unit

· Key points

· Incretin physiology

· Incretins in type 2 diabetes

· Recommendations for incretin-based therapies in the critically ill

· Incretins in intensive care unit

· Summary

· Therapeutic Opportunities for Hepcidin in Acute Care Medicine

· Key points

· Introduction

· History of discovery

· Hepcidin mechanism of action

· Catalytic free iron in acute illness

· Hepcidin as an agent for siderotherapy

· Use of hepcidin in acute illness

· Summary

· Thyroid Hormones in Critical Illness

· Key points

· Thyroid hormone physiology

· Physiologic effects of thyroid hormone

· Low triiodothyronine syndrome

· Mechanism of the low triiodothyronine syndrome

· Triiodothyronine treatment in critical illness

· Summary

· Hormonal Therapy in Organ Donors

· Key points

· Introduction

· Brain death and sequelae

· Hormonal therapy

· Recommendations

· Recommendations

· Recommendations

· Summary