Modern Ophthalmic Optics

 

Description:

 

This book is a comprehensive account of the most recent developments in modern ophthalmic optics, ideal for researchers, manufacturers and practitioners. Topics discussed include free-form technology, modern lens materials, measuring techniques, contact and intraocular lenses, progressive power lenses, ocular protection and coatings.

 

Table of Contents:

 

1 Ophthalmic Materials

1. 1 Introduction

1. 2 History of Glass and Glass Manufacturing

1. 3 Glass Properties

1.

3. 1 Composition

1.

3. 2 Refractive Index and Dispersion

1.

3. 3 Transmittance

1.

3. 4 Mechanical Properties

1.

3. 5 Chemical Properties of Glass

1. 4 History of the Optical Polymers Employed in the Ophthalmic Industry

1. 5 Properties of Optical Polymers

1.

5. 1 Composition and Manufacturing of Polymers

1.

5. 2 Optical Properties of Polymers

1.

5. 3 Mechanical Properties of Polymers

1.

5. 4 Chemical and Biological Properties of Polymers

1. 6 Summary of Ophthalmic Materials

2 Surfaces in Ophthalmic Lenses

2. 1 Introduction

2. 2 Surfaces with Revolution Symmetry

2.

2. 1 Sphere

2.

2. 2 Conicoids

2.

2. 3 Other Aspherics with Revolution Symmetry

2. 3 Surfaces with Axial Symmetry

2.

3. 1 Cylinder

2.

3. 2 Toric Surfaces

2.

3. 3 Astigmatic Surfaces with Aspherical Sections

2. 4 Surfaces with Many Degrees of Freedom

2.

4. 1 Mesh-Defined Surfaces

2.

4. 2 Surfaces Defined by Polynomials

3 Wavefronts and Rays

3. 1 Introduction

3. 2 Vergence and Wavefront

3.

2. 1 Vergence of Spherical Wavefronts

3.

2. 2 Vergence of Astigmatic Wavefronts

3. 3 Ray Propagation

3.

3. 1 Propagation of Astigmatic Vergences

3. 4 Refraction

3.

4. 1 Snell’s Law in Space

3.

4. 2 Abbe’s Invariant for Astigmatic Systems

4 Single Vision Lenses

4. 1 Introduction

4.

1. 1 Matrices and Lens Power

4. 2 Geometrical Aspects

4.

2. 1 Classification Based on the Curvature Radius of the Lens Surfaces

4.

2. 2 Classification Based on the Type of Surfaces

4.

2. 3 Lens Thickness

4. 3 Paraxial Optical Properties

4.

3. 1 Optical Axis and Optical Center

4.

3. 2 Back Vertex Power

4.

3. 3 Thin Lens Approximation

4.

3. 4 Forms of Astigmatic Power: Spherocylindrical and Crossed-Cylinder

4.

3. 5 Power Referred to Principal Planes

4.

3. 6 Paraxial Computations for Ophthalmic Lenses

4.

3. 7 Spherotoric Lenses: Computing Power by Meridians

4.

3. 8 Relationship between Lens Power and Thickness

5 The Lens-Eye System

5. 1 Introduction

5. 2 Basic Optical Physiology

5.

2. 1 The Eye

5.

2. 2 Eye Aberrations and Refractive Errors

5.

2. 3 Eye Aberration, Refractive Error and Zernike Polynomials

5.

2. 4 The Nature of Curvature: Matrix and Vector Representation

5. 3 Compensation of Refractive Errors

5.

3. 1 Large Field Compensation

5.

3. 2 Compensation Principle for Refractive Errors

5.

3. 3 The Size of the Eye, Emmetropization and Myopia

5.

3. 4 Visual Acuity

5. 4 Prismatic Effects

5.

4. 1 Propagation and Refraction of Rays through Astigmatic Systems

5.

4. 2 Thin Plane Prisms

5.

4. 3 Deviation of Small Beams by Ophthalmic Lenses: Eye Deviation

5.

4. 4 Prismatic Effect and Lens Thickness

5.

4. 5 Prismatic Imbalance

5.

4. 6 Decentered Lenses

5. 5 Magnification and Field of View

5.

5. 1 Field of View

5.

5. 2 Magnification

5.

5. 3 Aniseikonia

6 Aberrations and Lens Design

6. 1 Introduction

6. 2 Aberrations of the Lens-Eye System

6. 3 Classical Theory of Ophthalmic Lens Design

6.

3. 1 Lenses with Revolution Symmetry

6.

3. 2 Design of Astigmatic Lenses and Exact Ray Tracing

6.

3. 3 Lens Optimization for the Static Eye: Control of Peripheral Defocus

6. 4 Modern (“Free-Form”) Lens Design

7 Optics of Contact and Intraocular Lenses

7. 1 Introduction

7. 2 Optical Properties of Contact Lenses

7.

2. 1 Power of Rigid (RGP) Contact Lens with Spherical Surfaces

7.

2. 2 Power of RGP Contact Lenses with Toric Surfaces

7.

2. 3 Power of Soft Contact Lenses

7. 3 Multifocal Contact Lens Designs

7. 4 Optical Properties of Intraocular Lenses

7. 5 Design of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses

8 Multifocal Lenses

8. 1 Introduction

8. 2 Presbyopia and the Compensation of Near Vision

8.

2. 1 Accommodation and the Presbyopic Eye

8.

2. 2 Near Vision and Lens Effectiveness

8.

2. 3 Compensation of Presbyopia: Ranges of Clear Vision

8. 3 Bifocal Lenses

8.

3. 1 Introduction

8.

3. 2 Thin Lens Model of Bifocal Lenses: Power Relations

8.

3. 3 Thin Lens Model of Bifocal Lenses: Prismatic Effects

8.

3. 4 Image Jump

8. 4 Progressive Lenses

8.

4. 1 Introduction

8.

4. 2 Low-Curvature Model of a Progressive Surface

8.

4. 3 Characteristics of Progressive Lenses

8.

4. 4 Progressive Lens Performance

8.

4. 5 Free-Form Technology and Custom-Designed PPLs

9 Low Vision Aids and High Power Lenses

9. 1 Introduction

9. 2 The Problem of Low Vision Compensation

9.

2. 1 Defining Low Vision

9.

2. 2 Compensating Low Vision: Visual Magnification

9.

2. 3 Role of Field of View, Depth of Field and Image Quality in Low Vision Compensation

9. 3 Low Vision Aids for Close Objects: Magnifiers

9.

3. 1 Optical Characteristics of a Magnifier

9.

3. 2 Optical Design of Magnifiers

9. 4 Low Vision Aids for Distant Objects: Telescopes

9.

4. 1 Afocal Telescopes

9.

4. 2 Nonafocal Telescopes

9.

4. 3 Other Optical Properties of Telescopes: Field of View and Depth of Focus

9.

4. 4 Telescopes in Near Vision: Telemicroscope

9. 5 Low Vision Aids: Field Increasing Aids

9. 6 High Power Ophthalmic Lenses

9.

6. 1 High Power Positive Lenses

9.

6. 2 High Power Negative Lenses

10 Lens Manufacturing and Measurement

10. 1 Introduction

10. 2 Lens Surfacing

10.

2. 1 Lapping

10.

2. 2 Sphero-Torical Generators

10.

2. 3 Free-Form Surfacing

10.

2. 4 Injection Molding and Casting

10. 3 Free-Form Lens Manufacturing

10. 4 Lens Measurement

10.

4. 1 Lens Gauges and Spherometers

10.

4. 2 Focimeters (Optical or Digital)

10.

4. 3 Lens Mappers

10.

4. 4 PPL Measurement and ISO Standards

11 Filters and Coatings

11. 1 Introduction

11. 2 Ocular Hazards Due to Electromagnetic Radiation

11. 3 Filters for Ocular Protection

11.

3. 1 Optical Characteristics of Ophthalmic Filters

11.

3. 2 Types of Ophthalmic Filters

11.

3. 3 Prescription of Ophthalmic Filters

11.

3. 4 Occupational Eye Protective Devices

11. 4 Anti-Reflective Coatings

11.

4. 1 Ghost Images

11.

4. 2 Thin Film Anti-Reflective Coatings

11. 5 Other Coatings

11.

5. 1 Hard Coatings

11.

5. 2 Hydrophobic Coatings

11.

5. 3 Order of Deposition and Compatibility

Appendix A Frames

A.1 Historical Notes

A.2 Frame Materials

A.

2. 1 Plastics

A.

2. 2 Metals

A.

2. 3 Composite and Special Materials

A.3 Elements and Dimensions of Frames

A.

3. 1 Elements of a Plastic Frame

A.

3. 2 Elements of a Metallic Frame

A.

3. 3 Elements of a Rimless Frame

A.

3. 4 Spectacle Lens Frame Dimensions and Markings

A.4 Lens Centering

Appendix B Introduction to Matrix Algebra

B.1 Introduction

B.2 Matrices

B.3 Definitions

B.4 Operations with Vectors and Matrices

B.5 Axis Rotation

B.6 Interpretation of the Components of a 2D Direction Vector

Appendix C Introduction to Surface Geometry

C.1 Introduction

C.2 Curves

C.

2. 1 Curve Definition

C.

2. 2 Tangent Vector

C.

2. 3 Normal and Curvature Vectors for a Plane Curve

C.

2. 4 Tangent, Normal and Curvature for Nonplanar Curves

C.3 Surfaces

C.

3. 1 Surface Definition

C.

3. 2 Tangents and Normal Vectors

C.

3. 3 Main Curvatures

C.4 Geometry of the Parabolic Approximation

C.

4. 1 Parabolic Approximation

C.

4. 2 Tangent and Normal Vectors under Parabolic Approximation

C.

4. 3 Curvature under Parabolic Approximation

Appendix D Local Dioptric Power Matrix

D.1 Introduction

D.2 Local Dioptric Power Matrix from Paraxial Ray Tracing

D.3 Local Dioptric Power Matrix from Wavefront

Appendix E Seidel Aberrations and Zernike Polynomials

E.1 Sign Conventions and Coordinate Systems

E.2 Seidel Aberrations

E.

2. 1 Introduction

E.

2. 2 Spherical Aberration

E.

2. 3 Coma

E.

2. 4 Oblique Astigmatism

E.

2. 5 Field Curvature

E.

2. 6 Distortion

E.3 Zernike Polynomials

E.4 Relation between Zernike and Seidel Aberrations

E.

4. 1 Measuring Image Quality: PSF and MTF

Appendix F Abelès Theory of Multilayer Films

F.1 Introduction

F.2 Transfer Matrix

F.3 Reflectance of a Multilayer Film

References

Index