Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes

Features:

• Offers updated information and a perspective on important future developments to different professionals involved in the basic and clinical research on all major nutritional aspects of diabetes mellitus
• Explores how nutritional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of both type1 and type2 diabetes and their complications
• Investigates the molecular and genetic bases of diabetes and diabetic metabolism through the lens of a rapidly evolving field of molecular nutrition

Table Of Contents:

• Series Preface
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Section

  1. General and Introductory Aspects

  • Chapter

    1. Nutrition and Diabetes: General Aspects

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Historical Perspective

    • 3. Guidelines

    • 4. Evidence from Clinical Trials

    • 5. Further Research

    • 6. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    2. Dietary Patterns and Insulin Resistance

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Carbohydrates

    • 3. Lipids

    • 4. Proteins

    • 5. Concluding Remarks

  • Chapter

    3. ß-Cell Metabolism, Insulin Production and Secretion: Metabolic Failure Resulting in Diabetes

    • 1. Introduction to Pancreatic ß-Cell Metabolism and Metabolic Links to Insulin Secretion

    • 2. The Role of Glucose Metabolism, Fatty Acid Metabolism, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Generation of Metabolic Stimulus–Secretion Coupling Factors

    • 3. Nutrient Regulation of ß-Cell Gene Expression

    • 4. Metabolic Failure in ß-Cell Dysfunction and Onset of Diabetes

    • 5. The Cross-Talk of Apoptosis with ROS and ER Stress in ß-Cell Dysfunction

    • 6. Concluding Remarks

  • Chapter

    4. Diet–Gene Interactions in the Development of Diabetes

    • 1. Early History of the Disease and the Seesaw of the Dietary Therapies

    • 2. Nutritional Management of Diabetes in the Twenty-First Century

    • 3. Diabetes, a Complex Disease with a Significant Genetic Component

    • 4. The Role of Gene–Diet Interactions in Diabetes Risk

    • 5. Concluding Remarks

  • Chapter

    5. Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Dietary Factors

    • 1. Dietary Factors Involved in Type 1 Diabetes Development

    • 2. T1D, Celiac Disease, and Gluten Intake

    • 3. Dietary Gluten

    • 4. Gluten Peptides Are Resistant to Intestinal Degradation

    • 5. Dietary Gluten Influences the Development of T1D

    • 6. The Immune Response to Gluten in T1D Patients

    • 7. The Effect of Gluten on T1D Depends on Dose, Context, and Timing

    • 8. Gluten Intake, T1D, and the Intestinal Microflora

    • 9. Intestinal Alterations in Animal Models of T1D and Human Patients

    • 10. The Number of Pancreas-Infiltrating Autoreactive T Cells Is Increased in the Intestinal Tissue

    • 11. Intake of Gluten Changes Specific Immune System Parameters

    • 12. Gluten Is Found in Blood and Could Affect the Pancreatic ß Cells

    • 13. Conclusion

• Section

  2. Molecular Biology of the Cell

  • Chapter

    6. Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Molecular Basis for Diet Supplementation

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Oxidative Stress and Oxidation Damage in Diabetes

    • 3. Oxidative Stress and Oxidation Damage in Diabetic Complications

    • 4. Antioxidants in Diabetes: Implications for Use of Bioactive Food Components

    • 5. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    7. Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Quality

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Regulation of Protein Degradation in Skeletal Muscle

    • 3. Skeletal Muscle Mass in Insulin Resistance and T2D

    • 4. TP53INP2 and its Role in Autophagy

    • 5. TP53INP2 in Skeletal Muscle and T2D

    • 6. Skeletal Muscle Quality in Insulin Resistance and T2D

    • 7. Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy, and Insulin Resistance

    • 8. Concluding Remarks

  • Chapter

    8. Mechanisms Whereby Whole Grain Cereals Modulate the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Whole Grains versus Refined Flour

    • 3. Meta-Analyses and Epidemiological Studies

    • 4. Intervention Studies

    • 5. Mechanisms of Action

    • 6. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    9. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Glucose Control

    • 1. PPAR: An Overview

    • 2. Molecular Mechanisms of PPAR Activation

    • 3. The Role of PPARs in the Control of Glucose Metabolism

    • 4. Dietary-Derived PPAR Ligands as Supplementary Strategies in Glucose Control

    • 5. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    10. High-Fat Diets and ß-Cell Dysfunction: Molecular Aspects

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Biology of the ß Cell

    • 3. Compensatory Response of the ß Cell to High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance

    • 4. High-Fat Diet and ß-cell Failure and Death

    • 5. Concluding Remarks

  • Chapter

    11. Native Fruits, Anthocyanins in Nutraceuticals, and the Insulin Receptor/Insulin Receptor Substrate-1/Akt/Forkhead Box Protein Pathway

    • 1. Anthocyanins: General Characteristics

    • 2. Anthocyanin Sources in Foods of Plant Origin

    • 3. Health Effects of Anthocyanins

    • 4. Insulin Signaling Pathway

    • 5. Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance

    • 6. Insulin Sensitizing and Antidiabetic Properties of Anthocyanins

    • 7. Concluding Remarks

  • Chapter

    12. Influence of Dietary Factors on Gut Microbiota: The Role on Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Influence of Dietary Factors on Gut Microbiota

    • 3. Impact of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Exercise on Gut Microbiota

    • 4. Gut Microbiota Interactions with Insulin Resistance and Diabetes

    • 5. Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes

    • 6. Future Perspectives

  • Chapter

    13. Molecular Aspects of Glucose Regulation of Pancreatic ß Cells

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Intracellular Glucose Signaling

    • 3. Glucose as a Mitogenic Signal for ß Cells

    • 4. Glucose Signaling and ß-Cell Transcription

    • 5. Glucotoxicity

    • 6. Concluding Remarks

  • Chapter

    14. Metals in Diabetes: Zinc Homeostasis in the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Zn and Insulin

    • 3. A Potential Risk of Zn Deficiency for the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes

    • 4. Effect of Diabetes on Zn Homeostasis

    • 5. Prevention and/or Improvement of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes by Zn Supplementation as well as Possible Mechanisms

    • 6. Conclusions

    • 7. Potential Clinical Implication for the Management of Diabetic Patients

  • Chapter

    15. Cocoa Flavonoids and Insulin Signaling

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Physiology of Insulin Action

    • 3. Pathophysiology of Insulin Action

    • 4. Dietary Flavonoids

    • 5. Cocoa Flavonoids

    • 6. Cocoa Flavonoids and Insulin Action

    • 7. Conclusions

    • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter

    16. Dietary Proanthocyanidin Modulation of Pancreatic ß Cells: Molecular Aspects

    • 1. Proanthocyanidins: A Brief Description

    • 2. Proanthocyanidins and Type 1 Diabetes

    • 3. Type 2 Diabetes

    • 4. Proanthocyanidin Effects in Glucose Homeostasis on Insulin Resistance and on T2D

    • 5. Proanthocyanidin Effects on Insulin Sensing Tissues

    • 6. Proanthocyanidin Effects on ß-Cell Functionality: Control of Insulin Production

    • 7. Proanthocyanidin Effects on the Incretin System

    • 8. Human Studies

    • 9. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    17. Dietary Whey Protein and Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Aspects

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Constituents of the WP

    • 3. Studies in Support of the Antihyperglycemic Effect of Whey

    • 4. What Do Exercise and Dietary Protein Have to Do with Hyperglycemia?

    • 5. Type, Amount, and Form of Taking the Protein

    • 6. Whey Proteins and the Incretins

    • 7. Whey Peptides, Stress, and the Heat-Shock Proteins

    • 8. Possible Strategies for a More Rational Use of Whey Peptides

    • 9. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    18. Dietary Fatty Acids and C-Reactive Protein

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. CRP and Diabetes

    • 3. Diet and CRP

    • 4. Dietary Fatty Acids and CRP

    • 5. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    19. Alcoholic Beverage and Insulin Resistance–Mediated Degenerative Diseases of Liver and Brain: Cellular and Molecular Effects

    • 1. Overview

    • 2. Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

    • 3. Alcohol-Related Neurodegeneration

    • 4. Concluding Remarks

• Section

  3. Genetic Machinery and its Function

  • Chapter

    20. Genetic Variants and Risk of Diabetes

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Genetic Variants for T2D

    • 3. Genetic Variants for Insulin Secretion and Action

    • 4. Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 10

    • 5. Rare and Low-Frequency Variants

    • 6. Genetic Prediction of T2D

    • 7. Future Directions

  • Chapter

    21. MicroRNA and Diabetes Mellitus

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. miRNA Biogenesis

    • 3. miRNAs Acting in ß-Cell Development

    • 4. miRNAs Acting on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion

    • 5. Regulation of Insulin Transcription by miRNAs

    • 6. ß-Cell Mass in Obesity and Pregnancy

    • 7. ß-Cell Failure in T2D

    • 8. miRNAs in Skeletal Muscle, Adipose Tissue, and Liver

    • 9. miRNAs Regulated by Nutritional State and Specific Ingredients

    • 10. miRNAs as Circulating Biomarkers

    • 11. Conclusions and Perspectives

    • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter

    22. Diabetes Mellitus and Intestinal Niemann-Pick C1–Like 1 Gene Expression

    • 1. Cholesterol Homeostasis

    • 2. Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption

    • 3. Intestinal NPC1L1 Cholesterol Transporter

    • 4. Transcriptional Regulation of NPC1L1

    • 5. NPC1L1 and Diseases

    • 6. NPC1L1 and Diabetes

    • 7. Conclusion

  • Chapter

    23. Dietary Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Type 2 Diabetes

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Inflammation in T2D

    • 3. Inflammatory Gene Expression in T2D

    • 4. Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Inflammation and T2D

    • 5. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Neuroinflammation in Diabetes

    • 6. Conclusion

  • Chapter

    24. Polymorphism, Carbohydrates, Fat, and Type 2 Diabetes

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Effect of Dietary Carbohydrates and Fat on T2D

    • 3. Polymorphisms and T2D

    • 4. Interaction between Carbohydrates, Fat, and Gene Polymorphisms

    • 5. Future Perspectives

  • Chapter

    25. Genetic Basis Linking Variants for Diabetes and Obesity with Breast Cancer

    • 1. Obesity and Breast Cancer

    • 2. Insulin Resistance and Breast Cancer

    • 3. Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptor 1 Genes

    • 4. Leptin and Leptin Receptor Genes

    • 5. Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene

    • 6. Obesity, Breast Cancer, and Methylation

    • 7. Nutrigenomics Perspective to Reduce Obesity-Mediated Breast Cancer Risk

    • 8. Conclusions

  • Chapter

    26. Vitamin D Status, Genetics, and Diabetes Risk

    • 1. Vitamin D Metabolism and Epidemiology

    • 2. Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Risk

    • 3. Genetic Basis of Vitamin D Deficiency

    • 4. Conclusions and Future Directions

  • Chapter

    27. NRF2-Mediated Gene Regulation and Glucose Homeostasis

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Detoxification Processes in Cells

    • 3. Antioxidative Stress Response Systems in Cells

    • 4. Anti-inflammatory Function of NRF2

    • 5. Molecular Basis of the KEAP1-NRF2 System Function

    • 6. Pancreatic ß Cells and Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses

    • 7. Roles of NRF2 on Antioxidative Response in Pancreatic ß Cells

    • 8. NRF2 Regulation of Inflammation and Other Cellular Responses in Pancreatic ß Cells

    • 9. Glucose Homeostasis in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues

    • 10. Nutrition and NRF2 Inducing Phytochemicals

    • 11. Conclusion

  • Chapter

    28. Hepatic Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation and Type 2 Diabetes

    • 1. Introduction

    • 2. Lipogenesis as a Target to Reduce Liver Triacylglycerol Content

    • 3. Stimulation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-a

    • 4. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-? Coactivator-1 as Target to Stimulate Hepatic Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation

    • 5. Targeting Liver Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation to Improve Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity

    • 6. General Conclusion

  • Chapter

    29. Current Knowledge on the Role of Wnt Signaling Pathway in Glucose Homeostasis

    • 1. Introduction of the Wnt Signaling Pathway

    • 2. Recognition of Wnt Signaling Pathway Components as Diabetes Risk Genes

    • 3. TCF7L2 as a Diabetic Risk Gene and Its Role in Glucose Homeostasis

    • 4. Summary and Perspectives

• Index