Description:
Uniquely addresses the long overdue need for an authoritative, immersive approach to paediatric cardiac pathology. For general and paediatric pathologists, this book covers all aspects of diseases and malformations of the heart. Extensively illustrated, it approaches work from the fetus to the adolescent, including the effects of surgery.
Preface
Chapter 1 The Anatomy of the Normal Heart
1. 1 Introduction
1. 2 Anatomy
1.
2. 1 Situation
1.
2. 2 Pericardium
1.
2. 3 The Right and Left Atrium
1.
2. 4 The Ventricles
1.
2. 5 Atrioventricular Valves
1.
2. 6 Interventricular Septum
1.
2. 7 Cardiac Conduction System
1.
2. 8 Arterial Valves
1.
2. 9 Coronary Arteries
1.
2. 10 Cardiac Veins
1. 3 Histology
1.
3. 1 Pericardium
1.
3. 2 Myocardium
1.
3. 3 Endocardium
1.
3. 4 Valves
1.
3. 5 Conduction Tissue
1.
3. 6 Coronary Arteries
1.
3. 7 Cardiac Veins
1.
3. 8 Cardiac Lymphatics
1.
3. 9 Aorta, Pulmonary Arteries and Arterial Duct
1.
3. 10 Nerves
1. 4 Electron Microscopy
1. 5 Weights and Measures
References
Chapter 2 Examination of the Heart
2. 1 Introduction
2. 2 Dissection
2. 3 Sequential Segmental Analysis
2.
3. 1 Situs
2.
3. 2 Topology
2.
3. 3 Segmental Connections
2.
3. 4 Atrioventricular Connections
2.
3. 5 Ventriculoarterial Connections
2. 4 Simulated Echocardiographic Views
2.
4. 1 Another Method for Opening and Sampling the Post-Mortem Heart
2. 5 Histology
2.
5. 1 Sampling for Histology
2.
5. 2 Endomyocardial Biopsy
2.
5. 3 Myectomy
2.
5. 4 Apical Biopsy
2.
5. 5 Cardiac Tumours
2.
5. 6 Atrial Appendages
2.
5. 7 Aorta
2.
5. 8 Vascular Grafts
2.
5. 9 Native Valves
2. 6 Photography
References
Chapter 3 Development of the Heart
3. 1 Introduction
3. 2 Brief Recap of Relevant Early Human Embryonic Development
3. 3 Brief Summary of Heart Development
3. 4 Early Development
3.
4. 1 The Heart Fields
3.
4. 2 The Heart Tube
3.
4. 3 Contraction
3. 5 Looping of the Heart Tube
3. 6 Development of the Chambers and Septation
3.
6. 1 Atrial Septation
3.
6. 2 The Interventricular Septum
3.
6. 3 The Atrioventricular Junction
3.
6. 4 Outflow Tract
3. 7 Pericardium
3. 8 Coronary Arteries
3. 9 Conduction Tissue
3. 10 Arterial System
3. 11 Venous System
3.
11. 1 Vitelline Veins
3.
11. 2 Umbilical Veins
3.
11. 3 Cardinal Veins
3. 12 The Fetal Circulation and Changes at Birth
3.
12. 1 The Venous Duct and Oval Foramen
3.
12. 2 Arterial Duct, Lungs and Systemic Circulation
3.
12. 3 Post-Natal Adaptation
References
Chapter 4 Congenital Heart Disease (I)
4. 1 Introduction
4. 2 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
4. 3 Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
4. 4 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
4. 5 Abnormalities of the Arterial Duct
4.
5. 1 Absence of the Arterial Duct
4.
5. 2 Normal Closure
4.
5. 3 Premature Closure in Utero
4.
5. 4 Persistent Patency of the Duct
4.
5. 5 Aneurysm of the Duct
4. 6 Coarctation of the Aorta
4. 7 Pulmonary Stenosis and Atresia, Including Tetralogy of Fallot
4.
7. 1 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Interventricular Septum
4.
7. 2 Pulmonary Stenosis with Intact Interventricular Septum
4.
7. 3 Pulmonary Stenosis with VSD, Including Tetralogy of Fallot
4.
7. 4 Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect
4.
7. 5 Absence of the Pulmonary Valve
4. 8 Aortic Stenosis
4.
8. 1 Valvar Stenosis
4.
8. 2 Subvalvar Stenosis
4.
8. 3 Supravalvar Stenosis
4. 9 Hypoplastic Left Heart
4. 10 Transposition of the Great Arteries
4.
10. 1 Complete Transposition
4.
10. 2 Arterial Switch Operation
4.
10. 3 Atrial Switch Operations (Mustard and Senning)
4.
10. 4 Rastelli Operation
4.
10. 5 Congenitally Corrected Transposition
4. 11 Common Arterial Trunk (Truncus Arteriosus)
References
Chapter 5 Congenital Heart Disease (II)
5. 1 Double Inlet Ventricle
5.
1. 1 Double Inlet Left Ventricle
5.
1. 2 Double Inlet Right Ventricle
5. 2 Double Outlet Ventricle
5.
2. 1 Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
5. 3 Abnormalities of the Pulmonary Veins
5.
3. 1 A Preliminary Note on Terminology
5.
3. 2 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
5.
3. 3 Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
5. 4 Ebstein's Malformation
5. 5 Tricuspid Atresia
5. 6 Other Abnormalities of the Tricuspid Valve
5.
6. 1 Unguarded Tricuspid Orifice
5.
6. 2 Absent Commissure
5. 7 Uhl's Anomaly
5. 8 Atrial Isomerism
5.
8. 1 Right Atrial Isomerism
5.
8. 2 Left Atrial Isomerism
5.
8. 3 Juxtaposition of the Atrial Appendages
5. 9 Structural Abnormalities of the Coronary Arteries
5. 10 Other Abnormalities
5.
10. 1 Persistent Left Superior Caval Vein
5.
10. 2 Aberrant Origin of Right Subclavian Artery
5.
10. 3 Kommerell's Diverticulum
5.
10. 4 Ectopia Cordis
5.
10. 5 Left Atrial Aneurysm
5. 11 Anomalies of the Venous Duct (Ductus Venosus)
5.
11. 1 Absence of the Venous Duct
5.
11. 2 Persistent Patency of the Venous Duct
5.
11. 3 Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva
5.
11. 4 Aorto-Left Ventricular Tunnel
5.
11. 5 Cor Triatriatum
5.
11. 6 Aneurysm of Left Ventricle and Left Ventricular Diverticulum
5. 12 Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Congenital Heart Disease
5.
12. 1 Normal Histology
5.
12. 2 Histopathological Features of Pulmonary Hypertension
5.
12. 3 Congenital Heart Disease and Pulmonary Vascular Disease
5.
12. 4 Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
5.
12.
4. 1 Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
5.
12.
4. 2 Obstructed Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
5. 13 Surgical Operations for Congenital Heart Disease
5.
13. 1 Patches
5.
13. 2 Modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt
5.
13. 3 Bidirectional Glenn Shunt
5.
13. 4 Damus–Kaye–Stansel (DKS) Procedure
5.
13. 5 Norwood Procedure
5.
13. 6 Fontan Procedure
5.
13. 7 Ross–Konno Procedure
5.
13. 8 Arterial Switch Operation
5.
13. 9 Rastelli Operation
5.
13. 10 Mustard and Senning Operations
5.
13.
10. 1 Mustard Operation
5.
13.
10. 2 Senning Operation
5.
13. 11 Pulmonary Artery Band
5.
13. 12 Prosthetic Heart Valves
5. 14 Assessment of the Operated Heart
References
Chapter 6 Ischaemia and Infarction
6. 1 Introduction
6. 2 Macroscopic Appearance
6.
2. 1 Subendocardial Necrosis
6.
2. 2 Papillary Muscle Rupture
6.
2. 3 Regional Infarction
6.
2. 4 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis
6. 3 Microscopic Appearance
6.
3. 1 Dating of Injury
6.
3. 2 Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
6.
3. 3 Antiphospholipid Syndrome
6.
3. 4 Myocardial Calcification
References
Chapter 7 Cardiomyopathy
7. 1 Introduction
7. 2 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
7. 3 Other Cardiomyopathies with a Hypertrophic Phenotype
7.
3. 1 Friedreich's Ataxia
7.
3. 2 Noonan's Syndrome
7. 4 Dilated Cardiomyopathy
7. 5 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
7. 6 Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Disease
7. 7 Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy
7. 8 Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
7. 9 Non-Compaction of the Ventricular Myocardium
7. 10 Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy
7. 11 Other Forms of Cardiomyopathy
References
Chapter 8 Inflammation of the Myocardium, Endocardium and Aorta
8. 1 Introduction
8. 2 Myocarditis
8.
2. 1 Macroscopic Pathology
8.
2. 2 Microscopic Pathology
8.
2. 3 The Dallas Criteria
8.
2. 4 Giant Cell Myocarditis
8.
2. 5 Eosinophilic Myocarditis
8.
2. 6 Bacterial and Protozoal Myocarditis
8.
2.
6. 1 Bacterial Myocarditis
8.
2.
6. 2 Toxoplasma
8.
2.
6. 3 Chagas Disease
8. 3 Systemic Inflammatory Diseases with Heart Involvement
8.
3. 1 Rheumatic Disease
8.
3. 2 Lupus Erythematosus
8.
3. 3 Systemic Sclerosis
8.
3. 4 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
8.
3. 5 Sarcoidosis
8. 4 Aortitis
8.
4. 1 Takayasu Arteritis
8.
4. 2 Infectious Aortitis
8. 5 Endocarditis
8.
5. 1 Infectious Endocarditis
8.
5. 2 Thrombotic Endocarditis
References
Chapter 9 The Coronary Arteries
9. 1 Introduction
9. 2 Normal Structure
9. 3 Common Normal Variants of the Coronary Arteries
9. 4 Abnormal Variations in the Epicardial Distribution of the Coronary Arteries in the Normally Form
9.
4. 1 Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries from the Pulmonary Artery
9.
4. 2 Pathological Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries from the Aorta
9. 5 Coronary Artery Fistula
9. 6 Coronary Artery Hypoplasia and Atresia
9. 7 Variations in the Epicardial Coronary Arteries in Congenital Heart Disease
9.
7. 1 Tetralogy of Fallot
9.
7. 2 Transposition of the Great Arteries
9.
7. 3 Common Arterial Trunk
9.
7. 4 Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
9.
7. 5 Hypoplastic Left Heart
9.
7. 6 Congenitally Corrected Transposition
9. 8 Vasculitis Including Kawasaki Disease
9.
8. 1 Kawasaki Disease
9.
8. 2 Polyarteritis Nodosa
9. 9 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Formerly Churg-Strauss Syndrome)
9. 10 Thrombosis and Embolism
9. 11 Fibromuscular Dysplasia
9. 12 Segmental Arterial Mediolysis
9. 13 Idiopathic Arterial Calcification
References
Chapter 10 Metabolic and Storage Disease
10. 1 Introduction
10. 2 Glycogen Storage Disorders
10.
2. 1 Brief Overview of Glycogen Metabolism (Figure
10. 1)
10.
2. 2 Pompe Disease (Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) II)
10.
2. 3 Danon Disease
10.
2. 4 GSD III (Cori Disease, Debranching Enzyme)
10.
2. 5 GSD IV (Andersen Disease, Branching Enzyme)
10.
2. 6 GSD IX (Phosphorylase b Kinase Deficiency)
10.
2. 7 GSD XV (Glycogenin Deficiency)
10.
2. 8 GSD 0 (Glycogen Synthase Deficiency)
10.
2. 9 PRKAG2 Deficiency
10.
2. 10 Polyglucosan Storage Disease
10. 3 Lysosomal Storage Disorders
10.
3. 1 Anderson–Fabry Disease
10.
3. 2 Gaucher Disease
10.
3. 3 Niemann–Pick Disease
10. 4 Mucopolysaccharidosis
10. 5 Disorders of Fatty Acid Metabolism
10.
5. 1 Medium-Chain Acyl Co-A Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD)
10.
5. 2 Very-Long-Chain Acyl Co-A Dehydrogenase Deficiency (VLCHAD)
10.
5. 3 Trifunctional Protein Deficiency and Long-Chain 3-hydroxyacyl Co-A Dehydrogenase Deficiency (
10.
5. 4 Carnitine Deficiency
10.
5. 5 Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency
10.
5. 6 Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 Deficiency
10. 6 Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation
10. 7 Disorders of Iron Metabolism
10.
7. 1 Hereditary Haemochromatosis
10.
7. 2 Neonatal Haemochromatosis/Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease
10. 8 Organic Acidaemias and Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
10.
8. 1 Propionic Acidaemia
10.
8. 2 Methylmalonic Aciduria
10.
8. 3 Methylglutaconic Aciduria
10.
8. 4 Tyrosinaemia
10.
8. 5 Oxalosis
10.
8. 6 Homocystinuria
References
Chapter 11 Pericardium
11. 1 Introduction
11. 2 Congenital Defects of the Pericardium
11. 3 Cysts and Diverticula
11. 4 Heterotopia
11. 5 Effusions and Tamponade
11. 6 Epicardial Haemorrhage
11. 7 Haemopericardium
11. 8 Pneumopericardium
11. 9 Pericarditis
11.
9. 1 Acute Purulent Pericarditis
11.
9. 2 Tuberculous Pericarditis
11.
9. 3 Other Causes of Pericarditis
11.
9. 4 Uraemic Pericarditis
11. 10 Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome
11. 11 Constrictive Pericarditis
11. 12 Pericardial Tumours
References
Chapter 12 Fetal Cardiovascular Disease
12. 1 Introduction
12. 2 The Normal Fetal Heart
12. 3 Fetal Hydrops
12.
3. 1 Premature Shunt Closure
12.
3. 2 Arrhythmia
12.
3. 3 Maternal Lupus
12. 4 Syndromes with Heart Malformations
12.
4. 1 Chromosomal Abnormality
12.
4.
1. 1 Down's Syndrome: Trisomy 21
12.
4.
1. 2 Trisomy 18
12.
4.
1. 3 Trisomy 13
12.
4.
1. 4 Triploidy
12.
4.
1. 5 Turner's Syndrome (45,XO)
12.
4.
1. 6 Other Chromosomal Abnormalities
12.
4.
1. 7 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 8 Arteriohepatic Dysplasia (Alagille Syndrome)
12.
4.
1. 9 CHARGE Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 10 Noonan's Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 11 Williams Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 12 Marfan Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 13 VACTERL/VATER Association
12.
4.
1. 14 Holt-Oram Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 15 Carney Complex
12.
4.
1. 16 Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 17 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
12.
4.
1. 18 Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
12. 5 Structural Heart Disease in the Fetus
12. 6 Fetal Cardiomyopathy
12. 7 Fetal Myocarditis
12. 8 Fetal Arrhythmia
12.
8. 1 Fetal Tachycardia
12.
8. 2 Fetal Bradycardia
12.
8. 3 Long QT Syndrome
12. 9 Fetal Tumours
12. 10 Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
12. 11 Conjoined Twins
12.
11. 1 Parasitic and Acardiac Twins
References
Chapter 13 Tumours
13. 1 Introduction
13. 2 Rhabdomyoma
13. 3 Fibroma
13. 4 Teratoma
13. 5 Myxoma
13. 6 Vascular Tumours
13. 7 Cystic Tumour of the Atrioventricular Node
13. 8 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumour
13. 9 Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
13. 10 Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy
13. 11 Lipoma and Other Fatty Lesions
13. 12 Primary Malignant Tumours
13. 13 Secondary Tumours
13. 14 Pseudoneoplasms
13.
14. 1 Hamartoma of Mature Cardiac Myocytes
13.
14. 2 Calcified Amorphous Cardiac Tumour
13.
14. 3 Mesothelial/Monocytic Incidental Cardiac Excrescences (MICE)
13.
14. 4 Papillary Fibroelastoma
References
Chapter 14 Heart Transplantation
14. 1 Introduction
14. 2 Assessment of the Explanted Heart
14.
2. 1 General Features
14.
2. 2 Cardiomyopathy
14.
2.
2. 1 General Pathological Features
Special Stains
Special Diagnostic Investigations (Including Electron Microscopy)
14.
2.
2. 2 Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Macroscopic Features
Microscopic Features
14.
2.
2. 3 Non-compaction of the Ventricular Myocardium
General Features
Macroscopic Features
Microscopic Features
14.
2.
2. 4 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Macroscopic Features
Microscopic Features
14.
2.
2. 5 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Macroscopic Features
Microscopic Features
14.
2.
2. 6 Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathies
Macroscopic Features
Microscopic Features
14.
2.
2. 7 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
Macroscopic Features
Microscopic Features
14.
2.
2. 8 Ventricular Assist Device (Berlin Heart or HeartWare)
14.
2. 3 Myocarditis
14.
2. 4 Explanted Hearts with Congenital Heart Disease
14.
2.
4. 1 Technical Considerations
Dissection
14.
2.
4. 2 Some Specific Conditions
Hypoplastic Left Heart
Tetralogy of Fallot
Failed Atrial Switch Operation
Congenitally Corrected Transposition
Ebstein's Anomaly
Atrial Isomerism
Failing Fontan
14. 3 The Pathology of the Implanted Heart
14.
3. 1 Primary Graft Dysfunction
14.
3. 2 Hyperacute Rejection
14.
3. 3 Acute Cellular Rejection
14.
3. 4 Antibody-Mediated Rejection
14.
3. 5 Chronic Allograft Vasculopathy
14. 4 Post-Transplant Endomyocardial Biopsy
14. 5 Allograft Rejection and Graft Dysfunction (Both Acute and Chronic)
14. 6 Specimen Handling
14. 7 Artefacts and Variants of Normal
14. 8 Acute Cellular Rejection
14.
8. 1 Early (Perioperative) Ischaemic Injury
14.
8. 2 Quilty Effect
14.
8. 3 Previous Biopsy Site
14. 9 Antibody-Mediated Rejection
14. 10 Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
14. 11 Post-Transplant Infection of the Myocardium
14. 12 Chronic Allograft Vasculopathy
14. 13 Recurrent Disease in the Transplanted Heart
14. 14 Failure of the Cardiac Graft and Its Removal at a Second Transplant Operation
14.
14. 1 Clinical Features
14.
14. 2 Macroscopic
14.
14. 3 Microscopic
14. 15 Post-Mortem in the Transplanted Heart
References
Chapter 15 Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young
15. 1 Introduction
15. 2 Investigation
15. 3 Congenital Heart Disease
15. 4 Coronary Artery Origin Abnormalities
15. 5 Cardiomyopathy
15.
5. 1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy
15.
5. 2 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
15.
5. 3 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
15. 6 Aortic Dissection
15. 7 Myocarditis
15. 8 Metabolic Disease
15.
8. 1 Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation
15.
8. 2 Mitochondrial Disorders
15. 9 Heart Rhythm Disorders
15. 10 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
15. 11 Tumours
15. 12 Commotio Cordis
15. 13 Other Rare Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death
References
Index
Recenzii
Nicio recenzie găsită.