The Lumbar Spine

Description:

Introduction
Methods of sectioning 266 autopsy spines
Section 1: Normal Anatomy
1 Structure and function
2 Disc: its part and their functions
3 Facets: structure and function
4 Nerves: In spinal canal and intervertebral foramen
5 Muscles and Movement
Section 2: Age changes
1 Osteoporosis: effects on vertebrae and on disc shape
2 Degenerative changes in discs
3 Disc fissuring and disc protrusion
4 Decline in ranges of movement with increase in age
5 Increase creep with age
6 Facet changes: arthritic changes; remodeling
7 Spinal stenosis and nerve impingement
8 Severe disc changes and segmental instability
9 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis
10 Facet joint fat pads: their increase in early instability
Section 3: Injuries
1 Thoracic and lumbar injuries contrast with cervical injuries
2 Vertebral end-plate fracture and collapse
3 Facet joint injuries: which are often occult.

Section 4: Lower Back Pain and Radicular Pain
1 The lumbar spine and cancer metastases.

Table Of Contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Lumbar Vertebrae
Chapter 3: Intervertebral Discs
Chapter 4: The Zygapophyseal Joints
Chapter 5: Lumbar Spinal Nerves
Chapter 6: Vessels of The Spinal Canal
Chapter 7: Muscles, Ligaments, Movements
Chapter 8: Innervation of Discs and Facets
Chapter 9: Anatomical Variants Causing ‘Weak Points’
Chapter 10: Age Changes
Chapter 11: Severe Degeneration and Instability
Chapter 12: Spinal Stenosis
Chapter 13: Lumbar Spinal Injuries
Chapter 14: Lumbar Metastases