The Washington Manual of Echocardiography

Description:

Concise, portable, and user-friendly, The Washington Manual® of Echocardiography, Second Edition focuses on the essential information you need to know to successfully perform and read echocardiograms, as well as to identify valvular heart disease, cardiac myopathies, and congenital anomalies. Supervised and edited by faculty from the Washington University School of Medicine, this highly regarded reference has been completely updated throughout, with a new, streamlined layout as well more echo clips, and an update on the current guidelines. You'll find expert guidance, practical tips, and up-to-date information on all aspects of echocardiography ?€“ all in one convenient and easily accessible source. ?€?New chapters on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac devices include the latest ACC/AHA and ASE guidelines.?€?Extensively revised sections on LV systolic and diastolic function, valve assessment, and TEE.?€?Hundreds of updated, high-quality images enhance visual learning and improve diagnostic accuracy.?€?Reorganized content emphasizes clarity and consistency, so you can find what you need more quickly.?€?Tips and pearls from cardiologists and sonographers offer guidance on proper set-up, correct transduction technique, and image optimization.?€?A handy, portable resource for cardiology fellows, as well as anesthesia fellows, cardiac sonographers, residents, attendings, and intensive care and emergency department physicians who utilize handheld ultrasound. Now with the print edition, enjoy the bundled interactive eBook edition, which can be downloaded to your tablet and smartphone or accessed online and includes features like:?€?Complete content with enhanced navigation?€?Powerful search tools and smart navigation cross-links that pull results from content in the book, your notes, and even the web?€?Cross-linked pages, references, and more for easy navigation?€?Highlighting tool for easier reference of key content throughout the text?€?Ability to take and share notes with friends and colleagues?€?Quick reference tabbing to save your favorite content for future use

Table of Contents:

Title Page

Copyright Information

Dedication

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Videos

Chapter 2

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2. 1

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2. 2

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2. 3

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2. 4

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2. 5

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2. 6

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2. 7

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2. 8

Figure

2. 9

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2. 10

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2. 11

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2. 12

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2. 13

Figure

2. 14

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2. 15

Figure

2. 16

Chapter 3

Figure

3. 1a

Figure

3. 1b

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3. 2a

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3. 2b

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3. 3a

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3. 3b

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3. 4a

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3. 4b

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3. 5a

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3. 5b

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3. 5c

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3. 5d

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3. 6a

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3. 6b

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3. 6c

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3. 7a

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3. 7b

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3. 8

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3. 9

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3. 10a

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3. 10b

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3. 11

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3. 12

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3. 13

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3. 14

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3. 15

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3. 16a

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3. 16b

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3. 17a

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3. 17b

Figure

3. 18

Chapter 4

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4. 1a

Figure

4. 1b

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4. 2a

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4. 2b

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4. 3a

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4. 3b

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4. 4a

Figure

4. 4b

Figure

4. 4c

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4. 5a

Figure

4. 5b

Figure

4. 5c

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4. 6a

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4. 6b

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4. 6c

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4. 7

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4. 8a

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4. 8b

Figure

4. 8c

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4. 8d

Figure

4. 8e

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4. 8f

Chapter 5

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5. 1

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5. 2a

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5. 2b

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5. 2c

Figure

5. 2d

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5. 3a

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5. 3b

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5. 3c

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5. 3d

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5. 3e

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5. 3f

Figure

5. 3g

Figure

5. 3h

Figure

5. 3i

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5. 4a

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5. 4b

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5. 4c

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5. 4d

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5. 5

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5. 6

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5. 7a

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5. 7b

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5. 7c

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5. 7d

Chapter 6

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6. 1

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6. 2a

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6. 2b

Figure

6. 2c

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6. 3a

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6. 3b

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6. 4a

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6. 4b

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6. 5a

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6. 5b

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6. 5c

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6. 5d

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6. 6a

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6. 6b

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6. 7a

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6. 7b

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6. 8

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6. 9a

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6. 9b

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6. 9c

Chapter 7

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7. 1

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7. 2a

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7. 2b

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7. 3a

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7. 3b

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7. 3c

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7. 3d

Figure

7. 3e

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7. 4

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7. 5a

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7. 5b

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7. 5c

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7. 5d

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7. 6a

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7. 6b

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7. 7

Chapter 8

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8. 1a

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8. 1b

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8. 2

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8. 3a

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8. 3b

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8. 4a

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8. 4b

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8. 4c

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8. 5

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8. 6

Figure

8. 7

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8. 8a

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8. 8b

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8. 8c

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8. 9a

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8. 9b

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8. 9c

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8. 10

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8. 11

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8. 12a

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8. 12b

Chapter 9

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9. 1

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9. 2

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9. 3

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9. 4

Chapter 10

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10. 1a

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10. 1b

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10. 2a

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10. 2b

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10. 2c

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10. 3a

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10. 3b

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10. 4a

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10. 4b

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10. 5

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10. 6

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10. 7a

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10. 7b

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10. 7c

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10. 7d

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10. 8

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10. 9a

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10. 9b

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10. 10a

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10. 10b

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10. 10c

Figure

10. 10d

Figure

10. 10e

Figure

10. 10f

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10. 10g

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10. 10h

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10. 11a

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10. 11b

Figure

10. 11c

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10. 11d

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10. 11e

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10. 11f

Figure

10. 12

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10. 13a

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10. 13b

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10. 13c

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10. 13d

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10. 13e

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10. 14a

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10. 14b

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10. 15a

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10. 15b

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10. 15c

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10. 15d

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10. 15e

Figure

10. 16

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10. 17

Chapter 11

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11. 1a

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11. 1b

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11. 1c

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11. 1d

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11. 1e

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11. 2a

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11. 2b

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11. 3a

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11. 3c

Figure

11. 3d

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11. 4

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11. 5a

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11. 5b

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11. 5c

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11. 6a

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11. 6b

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11. 7a

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11. 7b

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11. 7c

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11. 7d

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11. 8a

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11. 8b

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11. 8c

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11. 8d

Figure

11. 8e

Figure

11. 8f

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11. 9

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11. 10a

Figure

11. 10b

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11. 10c

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11. 11a

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11. 11b

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11. 11c

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11. 12a

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11. 13

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11. 14a

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11. 14c

Chapter 12

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12. 1a

Figure

12. 1b

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12. 2a

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12. 2b

Figure

12. 2c

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12. 2d

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12. 2e

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12. 3a

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12. 3b

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12. 3c

Figure

12. 3d

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12. 4a

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12. 4b

Figure

12. 4d

Figure

12. 4e

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12. 4f

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12. 4g

Figure

12. 4h

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12. 4i

Chapter 13

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13. 1b

Figure

13. 1c

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13. 1d

Figure

13. 1e

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13. 2a

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13. 2b

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13. 3a

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13. 3b

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13. 3c

Figure

13. 3d

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13. 3e

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13. 3f

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13. 4a

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13. 4b

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13. 4c

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13. 5a

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13. 5b

Chapter 14

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14. 1a

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14. 1b

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14. 1c

Figure

14. 1d

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14. 1e

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14. 1f

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14. 2a

Figure

14. 2b

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14. 3a

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14. 3b

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14. 4a

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14. 4b

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14. 5a

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14. 5b

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14. 5c

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14. 5d

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14. 6a

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14. 6b

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14. 6c

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14. 7a

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14. 7b

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14. 8a

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14. 8b

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14. 8c

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14. 8d

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14. 9a

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14. 9b

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14. 9c

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14. 9d

Figure

14. 9e

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14. 9f

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14. 10a

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14. 10b

Figure

14. 10c

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14. 10d

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14. 10e

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14. 10f

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14. 10g

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14. 11a

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14. 11b

Figure

14. 11c

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14. 12a

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14. 12b

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14. 12c

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14. 12d

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14. 12e

Figure

14. 12f

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14. 13

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14. 14a

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14. 14b

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14. 14c

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14. 14d

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14. 15a

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14. 15b

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14. 15c

Chapter 15

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15. 1a

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15. 1b

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15. 1c

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15. 1d

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15. 1e

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15. 1f

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15. 1g

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15. 1h

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15. 2a

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15. 2b

Figure

15. 2c

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15. 2d

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15. 2e

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15. 3a

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15. 3b

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15. 3c

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15. 3d

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15. 3e

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15. 3f

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15. 4a

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15. 4b

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15. 5a

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15. 5b

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15. 5c

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15. 5d

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15. 5e

Chapter 16

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16. 1

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16. 2a

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16. 2b

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16. 2c

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16. 2d

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16. 2e

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16. 2f

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16. 3a

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16. 5

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16. 7

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16. 8c

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16. 8d

Figure

16. 8e

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16. 9a

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16. 9c

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16. 10a

Figure

16. 10b

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16. 10c

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16. 10d

Figure

16. 10e

Figure

16. 10f

Figure

16. 10g

Figure

16. 10h

Figure

16. 10i

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16. 10j

Figure

16. 10k

Figure

16. 11

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16. 12a

Figure

16. 12b

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16. 12c

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16. 12d

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16. 13a

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16. 13b

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16. 13c

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16. 13d

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16. 13e

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16. 13f

Figure

16. 13g

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16. 13h

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16. 13i

Figure

16. 13j

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16. 13k

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16. 13l

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16. 13m

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16. 13n

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16. 14

Chapter 17

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17. 1

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17. 2

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17. 3

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17. 4

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17. 5a

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17. 5b

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17. 5c

Figure

17. 5d

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17. 5e

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17. 5f

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17. 5g

Figure

17. 5h

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17. 5i

Figure

17. 5j

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17. 6a

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17. 6c

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17. 7a

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17. 8

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17. 9a

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17. 10

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17. 11a

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17. 11b

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17. 12a

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17. 12b

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17. 13a

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17. 13b

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17. 13c

Figure

17. 13d

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17. 14a

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17. 14b

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17. 14c

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17. 14d

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17. 15

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17. 16a

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17. 16b

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17. 16c

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17. 17

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17. 19

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17. 21

Chapter 18

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18. 1a

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18. 2c

Figure

18. 2d

Figure

18. 2e

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18. 3a

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18. 3b

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18. 4

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18. 5

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18. 6

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18. 7a

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18. 7c

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18. 7d

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18. 7e

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18. 7f

Figure

18. 7g

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18. 8

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18. 9

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18. 10a

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18. 11a

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18. 11b

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18. 11c

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18. 12a

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18. 13a

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18. 13c

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18. 13d

Figure

18. 13e

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18. 13f

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18. 14a

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18. 14c

Figure

18. 14d

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18. 14e

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18. 15a

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18. 15c

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18. 15d

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18. 15e

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18. 15f

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18. 16

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18. 17b

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18. 17c

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18. 17d

Chapter 19

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19. 1

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19. 2

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19. 3a

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19. 3b

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19. 3c

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19. 3d

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19. 4a

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19. 4b

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19. 4c

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19. 4d

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19. 5a

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19. 5b

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19. 5c

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19. 6

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19. 7

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19. 8b

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19. 9a

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19. 10a

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19. 10b

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19. 10c

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19. 11a

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19. 11b

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19. 11c

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19. 12

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19. 14

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19. 15

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19. 17c

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19. 18

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19. 20

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19. 21

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19. 22d

Figure

19. 22e

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19. 23c

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19. 23d

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19. 24b

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19. 24c

Figure

19. 24d

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19. 25a

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19. 25b

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19. 25c

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19. 26

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19. 27

Chapter 20

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20. 1a

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20. 1b

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20. 2a

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20. 2b

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20. 3a

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20. 3b

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20. 3c

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22. 4a

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22. 4b

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22. 5

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22. 6a

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20. 6

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20. 7a

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20. 7b

Chapter 21

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21. 1a

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21. 1b

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21. 1c

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21. 1d

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21. 1e

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21. 1f

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21. 1g

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21. 1h

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21. 1i

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21. 1j

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21. 1k

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21. 1l

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21. 2a

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21. 2b

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21. 2c

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21. 2d

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21. 3a

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21. 3b

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21. 3c

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21. 4a

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21. 4b

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21. 5a

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21. 5b

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21. 6

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21. 7

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21. 8a

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21. 8c

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21. 8d

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21. 9a

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21. 9b

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21. 9c

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21. 9d

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21. 9e

Figure

21. 9f

Figure

21. 9g

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21. 10a

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21. 10c

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21. 11a

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21. 12a

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21. 12d

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21. 12f

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21. 12g

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21. 16d

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21. 21c

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21. 21d

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21. 22d

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21. 22e

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21. 22f

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21. 22g

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21. 22h

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21. 23c

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21. 24a

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21. 24b

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21. 25

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21. 26a

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21. 26b

Figure

21. 26c

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21. 26f

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21. 26g

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21. 35a

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21. 35c

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21. 35d

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21. 35h

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21. 35o

Chapter 22

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22. 6

Chapter 1: Introduction to Echocardiographic Principles

Chapter 1 Introduction

General Principles

Figure 1-1

Imaging Modalities

M-Mode Echocardiography

Two-dimensional Echocardiography

Three-dimensional Echocardiography

Figure 1-2

Doppler Principles and Applications

Doppler Effect

Pulsed-wave Doppler

Continuous-wave Doppler

High-pulse Repetition Frequency (HPRF) Pulsed Doppler

Color Doppler

Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI)

Figure 1-3

Figure 1-4

Figure 1-5

Table 1-1: Characteristics of the Different Doppler Modes

Figure 1-6

Useful Hemodynamic Principles and Applications

Stroke Volume (SV) and Other Flow Volumes

Bernoulli Principle and Estimation of Pressure in Cardiac Chambers

Continuity Principle

Figure 1-7

Figure 1-8: dfsdfdfsf

Table 1-2: Assessing Cardiac Hemodynamic Indices by Echocardiography

Chapter 2: The Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination

Getting Started

Figure 2-1

Exhibit 752

Adjusting the Image

Two-dimensional Gain

Figure 2-2

Image Depth

Color Doppler

Color Gain

Frequency

Focus

Pulsed-wave Doppler Sample Volume Sizes

Spectral Gain

Sweep Speed

Figure 2-3

Figure 2-4

Figure 2-5

Figure 2-6

Figure 2-7

Figure 2-8

The Views: Parasternal Long-Axis View (PLAX)

Figure 2-9

Exhibit 764

Right Ventricular Inflow Tract

Figure 2-10

Exhibit 767

Parasternal Short Axis (PSAX) View

Exhibit 769

Figure 2-11

Figure 2-12

Figure 2-13

Apical Four-Chamber (A4C) View

Figure 2-14

Exhibit 775

Apical Five-Chamber (A5C) View

Figure 2-15

Exhibit 778

Apical Two-Chamber View

Figure 2-16

Exhibit 781

Apical Parasternal Long-Axis (APLAX) View

Figure 2-17

Exhibit 784

Subcostal Coronal View

Figure 2-18

Exhibit 787

Subcostal Sagittal View

Figure 2-19

Exhibit 790

Suprasternal Notch (SSN) View

Figure 2-20

Exhibit 793

Chapter 3: The Role of Contrast in Echocardiography

Chapter 3 Introduction

General Principles

Figure 3-1

Figure 3-2

Figure 3-3

Figure 3-4

Preparing Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging) Contrast

Preparing Optison (GE Healthcare) Contrast

Pitfalls

High Mechanical Index

Attenuation

LV Underfilled with Contrast

Figure 3-5

Figure 3-6

Agitated Bacteriostatic Saline Contrast

Reasons to Perform an Agitated Saline Contrast

Contraindications

Preparing Agitated Bacteriostatic Saline Contrast

Injection of Agitated Saline

Figure 3-7

Figure 3-8

Chapter 4: Quantification of Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function

Chapter 4 Introduction

Introduction

Tips for Optimizing Image Quality

Tips for Interpreting Studies

LV Dimensions

Plax

Apical Views?€”A4C and Apical Two Chamber (A2C)

Three-dimensional Echocardiography (3DE)

Figure 4-1

Table 4-1: Linear Dimensions

Figure 4-2

Figure 4-3

Table 4-2: Volumes and Mass

LV Systolic Function

Table 4-3: LV Functional Assessment

Figure 4-4

LV Mass

2D and 3D Methods Are Preferred over M-mode (Fig. 4-5A,B).

Linear Method: Uses LVIDd, SWT, PWT from PLAX view

Figure 4-5

Table 4-4: Relationships Between LV Mass and RWT (cm)

Diastolic Function Assessment

Mitral Inflow Pulsed-Wave (PW) Doppler: E and A Waves

Tissue Doppler of the Mitral Annulus

Pulmonary Vein (PV): S/D (Systolic to Diastolic Filling Ratio)

Diastolic Function Assessment in Special Populations

Table 4-5: Doppler Parameters and LV Diastolic Function

Figure 4-6

Chapter 5: Right Ventricular Function and Pulmonary Hemodynamics

Chapter 5 Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology of the Right Ventricle

Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Size

Qualitative RV Size

Quantitative RV Size

Quantitative RVOT Size

Quantitative RV Thickness

Figure 5-1

Figure 5-2

Figure 5-3

Figure 5-4

Assessment of Right Ventricular Function

Two-dimensional Assessment

M-mode

Doppler Assessment

RV Diastolic Function

Figure 5-5

Figure 5-6

Figure 5-7

Right Ventricular Pathology

RV Volume Overload

RV Pressure Overload

RV Infarction

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia

Figure 5-8

Pulmonary Hemodynamics

Figure 5-9

Figure 5-10

Right Atrial Assessment

RA Size Assessment

Estimating Mean RA Pressure

Figure 5-11

Figure 5-12

Discrepancy between Doppler and Cardiac Catheterization

Chapter 6: Stress Testing for Ischemia and Viability

Chapter 6 Introduction

General Principles

Figure 6-1

Anatomy

Figure 6-2

Exercise Stress Echocardiography

Absolute Contraindications

Relative Contraindications

Absolute Indications to Terminate Exercise Testing

Relative Indications to Terminate Exercise Testing

Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography

Interpretation

Baseline Transthoracic Echocardiography

Peak Stress Transthoracic Echocardiography

False Results

Figure 6-3

Prognosis

Other Considerations

Stress Testing for Myocardial Viability

General Principles

Protocol

Interpretation

Other Considerations

Table 6-1: Characteristic Echocardiographic Responses to Dobutamine Infusion to Determine the Etiology of Regional Akinesis

Chapter 7: Ischemic Heart Disease and Complications of Myocardial Infarction

Chapter 7 Introduction

Evaluation of Chest Pain Syndrome in the Acute Setting

Mechanical Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Cardiogenic Shock

Ventricular Septal Defect

Figure 7-1

Figure 7-2

Left Ventricular Free Wall Rupture

Figure 7-3

Figure 7-4

Papillary Muscle Rupture and Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

Figure 7-5

Figure 7-6

Pericardial Effusion

Acute Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm

Figure 7-7

Figure 7-8

Takotsubo Syndrome

Chronic Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Left Ventricular Aneurysm and Thrombus

Right Ventricular Dysfunction

Chapter 8: Cardiomyopathies

Chapter 8 Introduction

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 8-1

Table 8-1: Chamber Dimensions

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 8-2

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 8-3

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

No Consensus Criteria, But Modified Mayo Clinic Criteria Often Used

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 8-4

Isolated Noncompaction of the Left Ventricle

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 8-5

Post Heart Transplant

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Allograft Rejection

Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV)

Chapter 9: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Chapter 9 Introduction

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Table 9-1: Guidelines for Echocardiography in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Table 9-2: Screening Strategies with Echocardiography for Detection of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Figure 9-1

Figure 9-2

Figure 9-3

Figure 9-4

Figure 9-5

Figure 9-6

Figure 9-7

Figure 9-8

Figure 9-8

Figure 9-8

Figure 9-8

Figure 9-9

Figure 9-10

Figure 9-11

Chapter 10: Aortic Valve Disease

Chapter 10 Introduction

Anatomy

Figure 10-1

Aortic Stenosis

Table 10-1: Severity of Aortic Stenosis

Figure 10-2

Figure 10-3

Figure 10-4

Figure 10-5

Figure 10-6

Figure 10-7

Aortic Regurgitation

Table 10-2: Severity of Aortic Regurgitation

Figure 10-8

Figure 10-9

Figure 10-10

Chapter 11: Mitral Valve Disease

Chapter 11 Introduction

Mitral Valve Apparatus

Figure 11-1

Mitral Regurgitation

Exhibit 932

Figure 11-2

Figure 11-3

Figure 11-4

Table 11-1: Criteria for Determining Severity of Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Figure 11-5

Figure 11-6

Figure 11-7

Figure 11-8

Figure 11-9

Figure 11-10

Mitral Stenosis

Table 11-2: Stages of Mitral Stenosis

Exhibit 945

Figure 11-11

Figure 11-12

Figure 11-13

Figure 11-14

Table 11-3: Wilkins Score Grading

Chapter 12: Pulmonic Valve

Chapter 12 Introduction

General Principles

Pulmonic Valve Stenosis

Etiology

2D Echocardiography

M-mode

Color Doppler

PW and CW Doppler

Figure 12-1

Exhibit 955

Figure 12-2

Figure 12-3

Table 12-1: Parameters for Determining Severity of Pulmonic Stenosis

Pulmonic Regurgitation

Etiology

2D Echocardiography

M-mode

CW and PW Doppler

Color Doppler

Table 12-2: Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Regurgitation

Exhibit 961

Figure 12-4

Figure 12-5

Figure 12-6

Chapter 13: Tricuspid Valve Disorders

Chapter 13 Introduction

General Principles

Figure 13-1

Two-Dimensional Assessment

TV Leaflets and Chordae

Chamber Dimensions and Ventricular Function

Interventricular Septum

IVC

Intracardiac Catheters or Pacemaker/Defibrillator Leads

Figure 13-2

Figure 13-3

Figure 13-4

Figure 13-5

Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation

Color Doppler

Pulse and CW Doppler

Table 13-1: Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation Evaluation

Table 13-2: Classification of Tricuspid Stenosis

Figure 13-6

Tricuspid Stenosis

M-mode

Doppler

Figure 13-7

Chapter 14: Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves

Chapter 14 Introduction

General Principles

Figure 14-1

Echocardiographic Evaluation

General Evaluation

Regurgitation

Color Doppler

High Gradients

Pressure Recovery

Figure 14-2

Figure 14-3

Figure 14-4

Figure 14-5

Table 14-1: Expected Values for Normally Functioning Aortic and Mitral Prosthetic Valves

Figure 14-6

Table 14-2: Expected Parameters for a Normal Mitral Valve Prosthesis and Parameters Suggesting Possible or Significant Stenosis

Figure 14-7

Figure 14-8

Chapter 15: Infective Endocarditis

Chapter 15 Introduction

Introduction

Transthoracic versus Transesophageal Echocardiography

Figure 15-1

Vegetations

Table 15-1: Echo Criteria for Defining Vegetation

Figure 15-2

Figure 15-3

Figure 15-4

Table 15-2: Complications of Endocarditis

Figure 15-5

Abscesses

Figure 15-6

Fistulas

Figure 15-7

Prosthetic Valves

Figure 15-8

Infected Intracardiac Devices

Embolization

Indications for Surgical Consultation

Monitoring of Infective Endocarditis

False Positives for Infective Endocarditis

Chapter 16: Pericardial Disease and Cardiac Tamponade

Chapter 16 Introduction

Definitions

Anatomy and Physiology of the Pericardium

Etiology of Pericardial Disease and Effusions

Differential Diagnosis of Echolucent Space Surrounding the Heart

Figure 16-1

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Tamponade

Figure 16-2

Figure 16-3

Figure 16-4

Figure 16-5

Figure 16-6

General Considerations

Evaluation of Constrictive Pericarditis

Figure 16-7

Figure 16-8

Differentiation of Constrictive Pericarditis and Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Other Pericardial Pathology

Chapter 17: Diseases of the Great Vessels: Aorta and Pulmonary Artery

Chapter 17 Introduction

Aorta

Anatomy

Key TTE Views

Key TEE Views

Pathology

Aortic Aneurysm

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

Acute Aortic Syndromes

Coarctation of the aorta

Aortic Atherosclerosis

Figure 17-1

Figure 17-2

Table 17-1: Normal Aortic Root Measurements for Men and Women Indexed to Body Surface Area

Figure 17-3

Figure 17-4

Figure 17-5

Figure 17-6

Figure 17-7

Figure 17-8

Figure 17-9

Figure 17-10

Figure 17-11

Figure 17-12

Figure 17-13

Figure 17-14

Figure 17-15

Pulmonary Artery

Anatomy

Key Views

Pathology

Pulmonary Artery Dilation

Pulmonary Embolism

2D and Doppler Findings of PE

Figure 17-16

Figure 17-17

Figure 17-18

Figure 17-19

Figure 17-20

Figure 17-21

Chapter 18: Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 18 Introduction

Segmental Echocardiographic Exam

Figure 18-1

Shunts

Key Concepts

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Types

Hemodynamics

Echocardiography

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Types

Hemodynamics

Echocardiography

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Hemodynamics

Echocardiography

Endocardial Cushion Defect

Hemodynamics

Echocardiography

Figure 18-2

Figure 18-3

Figure 18-4

Figure 18-5

Figure 18-6

Figure 18-7

Figure 18-8

Figure 18-9

Figure 18-10

Figure 18-11

Obstructions

Bicuspid AoV

Key Concepts

Echocardiography

Cor Triatriatum and Congenital Mitral Stenosis (MS)

Aortic Coarctation

Hemodynamics

Echocardiography

Figure 18-12

Figure 18-13

Figure 18-14

Figure 18-15

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

D-TGA

Hemodynamics/Physiology

Echocardiography?€”Post Repair

L-TGA (congenitally corrected transposition)

Hemodynamics

Echocardiography

Exhibit 1077

Exhibit 1078

Exhibit 1079

Figure 18-16

Figure 18-17

Tetralogy of Fallot

Hemodynamics

Surgical Repair

Echocardiography

Figure 18-18

Truncus Arteriosus

Surgical Repair

Echocardiography

Ebstein Anomaly

Hemodynamics

Echocardiography

Fontan Procedure for Single Ventricle Physiology

Echocardiography

Figure 18-19

Chapter 19: Cardiac Masses

Chapter 19 Introduction

Artifacts

Figure 19-1

Normal Variants and Pathologic Variations in Normal Structures

Normal Variants

Pathologic Variations in Normal Structures

Figure 19-2

Figure 19-3

True Cardiac Masses

Thrombus

Vegetations

Tumors

Benign Tumors

Malignant Tumors

Establishing a Differential Diagnosis

Figure 19-4

Figure 19-5

Figure 19-6

Figure 19-7

Figure 19-8

Figure 19-9

Figure 19-10

Chapter 20: Cardiac Manifestations of Systemic Illness

Chapter 20 Introduction

Amyloidosis

Classifications

Primary (AL)

Secondary (AA)

Familial (ATTR)

Senile

Atrial (AANF)

Hemodialysis

Echocardiographic Findings (Fig. 20-1)

Figure 20-1

Figure 20-2

Carcinoid

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 20-3

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 20-4

Marfan Syndrome

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 20-5

Sarcoidosis

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Figure 20-6

Scleroderma

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Radiation-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Background

Echocardiographic Findings

Chapter 21: Transesophageal Echocardiography

Chapter 21 Introduction

Basic Principles

Figure 21-1

Patient Evaluation and Preparation

Tee Procedure

Machine Settings

Patient Settings and Positioning

Esophageal Intubation

The TEE Exam and Basic Views

The TEE Exam

Basic Views

Midesophageal 0-degree View

Midesophageal 30-degree View

Midesophageal 60-degree View (?€œbicommissural view?€)

Midesophageal 90-degree View (?€œbicaval view?€)

Midesophageal 120-degree View (?€œlong-axis view?€)

Transgastric 0-degree View

Transgastric 90-degree View

Deep Transgastric 0-degree View

Aortic Examination at 0 and 90 Degrees

Mitral Valve Scallops at Different Angles (Fig. 21-11)

Figure 21-2

Figure 21-3

Figure 21-4

Figure 21-5

Figure 21-6

Figure 21-7

Figure 21-8

Figure 21-9

Figure 21-10

Figure 21-11

Three-Dimensional TEE

Figure 21-12

Figure 21-13

Figure 21-14

Figure 21-15

Figure 21-16

Mini Atlas of TEE Images

Figure 21-17

Figure 21-18

Figure 21-19

Figure 21-20

Figure 21-21

Figure 21-22

Figure 21-23

Figure 21-24

Figure 21-25

Figure 21-26

Chapter 22: Cardiac Devices in Heart Failure

Chapter 22 Introduction

Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support

Echocardiography in Preimplantation Assessment

LV Assessment

RV Assessment

Valvular Assessment

Shunts

Intraoperative TEE in Guiding LVAD Placement

Routine Echocardiographic Assessment of the Normal Functioning LVAD

Echocardiographic Assessment of LVAD Complications

Figure 22-1

Figure 22-2

Figure 22-3

Figure 22-4

Figure 22-5

Figure 22-6

Table 22-1: Differential Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Assist Device Pump Alarms and Echo Correlations

Figure 22-7

Figure 22-8

Figure 22-9

Figure 22-10

Temporary Mechanical Cirulatory Support Devices

Abiomed Impella Devices

Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Figure 22-11

Figure 22-12

Appendix

Remarks

Glossary

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