Veterinary Microbiology, Fourth Edition

 

 

DESCRIPTION:

 

Veterinary Microbiology

 

Comprehensive reference work on the bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens that cause animal diseases

 

Veterinary Microbiology, Fourth Edition presents comprehensive information based on the most recent research, diagnostic, and clinical publications for bacterial, fungal, and viral animal diseases.

The information provided is intended to be most relevant for veterinary students and practitioners.

 

The text is supported throughout by high-quality and full-color images to aid learning.

A companion website offers chapter content, supplemental information, and figures from the book in PowerPoint format.

Sample topics discussed within the book include:

 

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--[endif]-->Pathogenic bacteriology: includes major classifications and genera of bacteria associated with veterinary infectious disease

 

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--[endif]-->Pathogenic mycology: dermatophytes, agents of subcutaneous mycoses, and agents of systemic mycoses

 

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--[endif]-->Pathogenic virology: includes RNA and DNA viruses as well as prions associated with veterinary infectious disease

 

 

 

 

Part I: Introduction

1 Microbial Infections of Animals

Some Attributes of Host–Parasite Relationships

Criteria of Pathogenicity – Koch’s Postulates

Elements in the Transmission and Production of Infectious Disease

Reference

Further Reading

2 Basic Bacteriology

Bacteria

Bacterial Anatomy: Structures and Functions

Structures of a Bacterial Cell

Cell Walls of Gram‐Positive Bacteria

Cell Walls of Gram‐Negative Bacteria

Bacterial Physiology: Metabolism, Growth, and Nutrition

Ionic Strength/Osmotic Pressure

3 Basic Mycology

General Characteristics of the Fungi

Commonly Used Mycologic Terms

Fungal Infections: General Considerations

Pathogenesis of Fungal Infections

Diagnosis of Fungal Infections

Immune Response to Fungal Infections

Treatment of Fungal Infection: General

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

4 Basic Virology

Virus–Host Relationships

Modes of Dissemination of Viruses within the Hosts

Viral Tropism

Host Responses to Viral Infections

Interferon

Humoral and Cellular Immunity

Viral Immunosuppression

Persistent Viral Infection

Viral Shedding

Further Reading

Part II: Bacteriology

5 Family Enterobacteriaceae

Descriptive Features

Morphology and Staining

Cultural Characteristics

References

Further Reading

6 Enterobacteriaceae

Descriptive Features

Ecology

References

Further Reading

7 Enterobacteriaceae

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Laboratory Diagnosis

Reference

Further Reading

8 Family Yersiniaceae

Descriptive Features

Yersinia pestis (Plague Bacillus)

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia ruckeri

Further Reading

9 Enterobacteriaceae

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Clinical Disease

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

References

Further Reading

10 Pasteurellaceae

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Immunity

Laboratory Diagnosis

Acknowledgment

Reference

Further Reading

11 Pasteurellaceae

Properties of Genus

Descriptive Features

Cell Products of Medical Interest

Toxins

Miscellaneous Products

Antigenic Variability

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Disease Patterns

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

12 Pasteurellaceae

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunity

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Further Reading

13 Bordetella

Descriptive Features

Exotoxins

Iron Acquisition

Type III Secretion System (T3SS)

Regulation of the Cellular Products of Medical Interest

Growth Characteristics

Biochemical Activities

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Animal Disease Patterns

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

14 Brucella

Descriptive Features

Morphology and Staining

Cellular Structure and Composition

Cellular Products of Medical Interest

Growth Characteristics

Resistance

Diversity

Ecology

Transmission

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Characterization of Infection in Animal Populations

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Control and Prevention

15 Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei

Burkholderia mallei

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Further Reading

16 Francisella tularensis

Introduction

Classification

Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Pathogenesis

Immunology

Vaccination

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Safety Measures

1. tularensis as a Biological Weapon

Reference

Further Reading

17 Moraxella

Descriptive Features

Growth Characteristics

Biochemical Activities

Resistance

Variability

Ecology

Reservoir

Transmission

Pathogenesis

Disease Pattern and Pathology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Epidemiology

Treatment

Prevention

Further Reading

18 Pseudomonas

Microbiology

Growth Characteristics

Virulence Factors and Their Role in Different Stages of Infection

Epidemiology

Overview of the Pathogenic Mechanism

Clinical Diseases in Animals

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Treatment

Further Reading

19 Taylorella

1. equigenitalis

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Immunologic Aspects

Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

1. asinigenitalis

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

20 Spirilla I

Classification

Borrelia Species

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control

Avian Borreliosis or Fowl Spirochetosis

Relapsing Fever

Further Reading

21 Spiral‐Curved Organisms II: Brachyspira and Lawsonia

Brachyspira

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

Lawsonia

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Clinical Features and Lesions

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Acknowledgments

Further Reading

22 Spiral‐Curved Organisms III

Descriptive Features

Descriptive Features

Growth Characteristics

Variability

Ecology

Epidemiology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Arcobacter

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Laboratory Diagnosis

Acknowledgments

Further Reading

23 Spirilla IV

Descriptive Features

Virulence Factors

Growth Characteristics

Variability

Ecology

Transmission

Zoonotic Potential

Pathogenesis

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Isolation and Identification

Molecular Methods

Treatment and Control

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

24 Spirochetes V

Introduction

Descriptive Features

Epidemiology and Transmission and Zoonosis

Pathogenesis and Diseases

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention/Control

Further Reading

25 Staphylococcus

Descriptive Features

Coagulase‐Positive and Coagulase‐Negative Staphylococci

Virulence Properties

Regulation of Virulence

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Hosts and Diseases

Zoonotic Potential

Resistance and Antibiotic Treatment

References

Further Reading

26 Streptococcus and Enterococcus

Streptococcus

Enterococcus

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella (Nutritionally Variant Streptococci)

Further Reading

27 Trueperella

Trueperella pyogenes

Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities

Virulence Factors

Mode of Infection and Transmission

Pathogenesis

Trueperella pyogenes Infections in Animals

Cattle

Swine

Sheep and Goats

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Other Species of Trueperella

Further Reading

28 Bacillus

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus

Bacillus subtilis

Further Reading

29 Corynebacterium

1. pseudotuberculosis
2. renale Group

Other Species of Corynebacterium

Actinobaculum suis

Further Reading

30 Erysipelothrix

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Disease Patterns

Epidemiology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

Further Reading

31 Listeria

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

Further Reading

32 Rhodococcus

Rhodococcus equi

Further Reading

33 Gram‐Negative, Non‐Spore‐Forming Anaerobes

Virulence Factors and Virulence Mechanisms

Mode of Infection

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

Dichelobacter nodosus

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Fusobacterium equinum

Fusobacterium gastrosuis

Bacteroides

Prevotella and Porphyromonas

Further Reading

34 Clostridium

Descriptive Features of the Genus Clostridium

Enterotoxic Clostridia

Histotoxic Clostridia

Neurotoxic Clostridia

References

Further Reading

35 Filamentous Bacteria

Actinomyces Species

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Disease Patterns

Immunologic Factors

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Nocardia Species

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Dermatophilus

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Streptobacillus

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Acknowledgments

Further Reading

36 Mycobacteria

Amended Taxonomical Classification

Morphology and Staining

Structure and Composition

Overview of Pathogenic Species, Epidemiology, and Microbial Evolution

Primary Interaction with Phagocytic Cells and Disease Onset

Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infections

Tuberculous Infections, an Overview of Disease Patterns in Veterinary Medicine

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

1. avium subsp.

   paratuberculosis, the Agent of Johne's Disease

Feline Leprosy Syndrome

Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndrome

Ulcerative Dermatitis of Cats and Dogs due to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria

References

Further Reading

37 Chlamydiaceae

Descriptive Features

Morphology and Staining

Life Cycle and Growth Characteristics

Diagnosis, Immunity, and Control

Pathogenicity and Toxins

Diseases Caused by Chlamydiales

1. psittaci/C.

   abortus Infections

2. pecorum Infections

Chlamydiosis: A Zoonotic Disease

Further Reading

38 Mollicutes

Introduction

Descriptive Features

Structure and Composition

Nonhemotrophic Mollicutes

Growth Characteristics

Ecology

Mycoplasma Infections in Animals

Laboratory Diagnosis

Serological Detection and Identification

Molecular Diagnostics

Conventional PCR

Real‐Time PCR

Isolate Typing

Whole Genome Sequencing

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

Hemotrophic Mollicutes

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

39 Rickettsiaceae and Coxiellaceae

Descriptive Features

Rickettsia rickettsii

Coxiella burnetii

Further Reading

40 Anaplasmataceae

Descriptive Features

1. marginale

Ecology

Further Reading

41 Anaplasmataceae

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

1. risticii

Ecology

1. helminthoeca

Ecology

Further Reading

42 Bartonellaceae

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Pathogenesis

Mechanisms

Disease Patterns and Epidemiology

Human Patients

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Part III: Fungi

43 Yeasts

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Laboratory Diagnosis

Malassezia pachydermatis

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Laboratory Diagnosis

Candida albicans

Descriptive Features

Other Yeasts

Acknowledgments

Further Reading

44 Dermatophytes

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

45 Agents of Subcutaneous Mycoses

Sporothrix schenckii

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Histoplasma capsulatum var.

farciminosum

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Factors

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Cutaneous Pythiosis (Swamp Cancer – Florida Horse Leeches)

Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis

Eumycotic Mycetoma

Rhinosporidiosis

Further Reading

46 Agents of Systemic Mycoses

Coccidioides

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Histoplasma capsulatum

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Aspergillus spp.

Descriptive Features

Ecology

Immunologic Aspects

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

Other Saprophytic/Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens

Pneumocystis

Protothecosis

Acknowledgments

Further Reading

Part IV: Viruses

47 Parvoviridae

Feline Panleukopenia

Host–Virus Relationship

Canine Parvovirus

Host–Virus Relationship

Porcine Parvovirus

Host–Virus Relationship

Additional Porcine Parvoviruses

Aleutian Disease in Mink

Host–Virus Relationship

Rodent Parvoviruses

Host–Virus Relationship

Avian Parvoviruses

Host–Virus Relationship

Additional Avian Parvoviruses

Equine Parvovirus

Further Reading

48 Circoviridae

Family Circoviridae

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Host–Virus Relationship

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Further Reading

49 Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae

Asfarviridae

ASFV

Host–Virus Relationship

Diagnosis and Control

Iridoviridae

Further Reading

50 Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae

Papillomaviridae

Bovine Papillomaviruses

Equine Papillomavirus and Equine Sarcoids

Canine Oral Papillomavirus

Polyomaviridae

References

Further Reading

51 Adenoviridae

Physical and Chemical Properties of Adenoviruses

Treatment

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Infection

Bovine Adenovirus Infection

Equine Adenovirus Infection

Porcine Adenovirus Infection

Avian Adenovirus Infection

Ovine Adenovirus Infection

Adenovirus Hemorrhagic Disease of Deer

Further Reading

52 Herpesviridae

Equid Herpesviruses

Ruminant Herpesviruses

Avian Herpesviruses

References

Further Reading

53 Poxviridae

General Characteristics of Poxviruses

Orthopoxviruses

Cowpox

Leporipoxviruses

Parapoxviruses

Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

Capripoxviruses

Avipoxviruses

Swinepox

Poxvirus Infections of Horses

Poxvirus Infections of Fish

Further Reading

54 Picornaviridae

Introduction

Virion Structure, Genome Characteristics, and Replication

Genus Aphthovirus

Host–Virus Relationship

Pathogenesis and Pathology

Vaccination

Other Members of Genus Aphthovirus

Further Reading

55 Caliciviridae

General Properties

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Lagoviruses

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Noroviruses

Unassigned Caliciviruses

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

56 Togaviridae and Flaviviridae

Introduction

Togaviridae

Flaviviridae

Acknowledgments

Further Reading

References

57 Orthomyxoviridae

Influenza viruses

Classification

Morphology

Viral Genome

Viral Proteins

Avian Influenza

Host–Virus Relationship

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Swine Influenza

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Equine Influenza

Etiologic Agent

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Zoonotic Significance of Animal Influenzas

Bat Influenza

Isavirus

Thogotovirus

Quaranjavirus

Further Reading

References

58 Bunyavirales

Bunyavirales

Family Peribunyaviridae, Genus Orthobunyavirus – Akabane, Aino, Schmallenberg, and Cache Valley Viruses

Family Phenuiviridae, Genus Phlebovirus – Rift Valley Fever

Family Nairoviridae, Genus Orthonairovirus – Crimean‐Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Nairobi Sheep Disease

Family Hantaviridae, Genus Orthohantavirus

Further Reading

59 Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Filoviridae, and Bornaviridae

Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents

Paramyxoviridae

Vaccination

Avulavirinae

Host–Virus Relationship

Orthoparamyxovirinae

Morbilliviruses

Canine Distemper Virus

Host–Virus Relationship

Feline Morbillivirus

Morbilliviruses of Aquatic Mammals (Phocine Distemper and Cetacean Morbilliviruses)

Host–Virus Relationship

Host–Virus Relationship

Respiroviruses

Host–Virus Relationship

Rubulavirinae

Host–Virus Relationship

Orthopneumoviruses

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Host–Virus Relationship

Filoviridae

Bornaviridae

Avian Bornavirus

Further Reading

60 Rhabdoviridae

Rabies

Host–Virus Relationship

Host Response to Infection

Host–Virus Relationship

Host–Virus Relationship

Diseases of Fish Caused by Rhabdoviruses

Further Reading

61 Coronaviridae and Tobaniviridae

Introduction and Classification

Virion Properties and Virus Replication

Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Alphacoronavirus

Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Betacoronavirus

SARS Coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

SARS Coronavirus‐2

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Gammacoronavirus

Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Deltacoronavirus

Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Torovirus

Reference

Further Reading

62 Arteriviridae and Roniviridae

Introduction and Classification

Virion Properties and Virus Replication

Arteriviruses

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Treatment and Control

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Treatment and Control

Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevating Virus

Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

Wobbly Possum Disease Virus

Roniviruses

Further Reading

63 Reoviridae

Orthoreoviruses

Orbiviruses

Rotaviruses

Aquareoviruses

Further Reading

64 Birnaviridae

Infectious Bursal Disease

Birnavirus Infections of Fish

Further Reading

65 Retroviridae

Classification

General Features of Retroviruses

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Genome Organization and Replication

Avian Sarcoma/Leukosis Virus – Alpharetrovirus Genus

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus – Betaretrovirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Pathogenesis and Pathology

Mason‐Pfizer Monkey Virus – Betaretrovirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Feline Leukemia/Sarcoma Virus – Gammaretrovirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Bovine Leukemia Virus – Deltaretrovirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus – Epsilonretrovirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (Visna/Maedi/Progressive Pneumonia Viruses and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus) – Lentivirus Genus

Etiologic Agent

Host–Virus Relationship

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus – Lentivirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Jembrana Disease Virus – Lentivirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus

Host–Virus Relationship

Further Reading

66 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

Etiologic Agent

Origin of the Prion Protein, its Biochemistry, Structure, and Strains

CWD of Cervids

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Prevention and Management

Other Notable Prion Diseases

Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy

Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy

Prion Disinfection

Summary and Conclusions

Further Reading

Part V: Control of Infectious Diseases

67 Immune Responses to Infectious Agents

Introduction

Innate Immunity

Additional Innate Immune Defenses: Antiviral Molecules

Effector Cells of the Innate Immune System

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Anatomical and Physiological Aspects of Innate Resistance to Infection

Adaptive Immunity

Evaluation of Immune Responses to Infectious Agents

Antibody‐Based Serology

Cell‐Mediated Immunity‐Based Diagnostics

Recent Innovations in Vaccinology

Summary

Further Reading

68 Laboratory Diagnosis

Detection and Identification of Microbial Pathogens

Virus Detection and Identification

Further Reading

69 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Resistance

Introduction

Classifying Antimicrobials

Mechanism of Action

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Damage to Cell Membrane Function

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Function

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Factors Considered in the Clinical Use of Antimicrobials

Other Antimicrobial Regimen Considerations

Antifungal Chemotherapy

Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs

Other Genetic Elements Associated with Resistance

Clinical Importance of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

Hospital‐Acquired Resistant Infections

Public Health Aspects of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Pathogens

Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance through Antimicrobial Stewardship

Further Reading

70 Vaccines

Introduction

How Vaccines Work

Adjuvants

Vaccine Administration Routes

Viral Vaccines

Live‐Attenuated Viral Vaccines

Inactivated Virus Vaccines

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

Toxoids, Bacterins, and Bacterial Vaccines

Toxoids

Bacterins

Bacterial Vaccines

Special Considerations for Agricultural Uses of Vaccines

Summary

Further Reading

71 Disinfection and Sterilization

Sterilization

Physical Methods

Chemical Agents

Acknowledgment

Further Reading

72 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

Introduction

Development of Disease

Modes of Disease Transmission

Describing Patterns of Disease

Understanding Infection Dynamics

Modeling Infectious Disease Transmission

Further Reading

Index