Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging

DESCRIPTION

Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging

Complete reference on using diagnostic imaging in veterinary dentistry and interpreting diagnostic images in dogs, cats, exotic pets, zoological animals, and horses

Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging offers veterinary clinicians a complete guide to using diagnostic imaging for common dentistry and oral surgery procedures in a veterinary practice.

It provides guidance on positioning, techniques, and interpreting diagnostic images in the oral cavity, with more than 600 high-quality dental diagnostic images showing both normal anatomy and pathology for comparison.

Focusing on dental radiography in dogs, cats, exotic pets, zoological animals, and horses, the book also includes advanced modalities such as MRI, CT, and cone beam CT.

Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging covers:

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--[endif]-->History, physiology, and indications for diagnostic imaging of the oral cavity, with information on the history of diagnostic imaging and radiographic image creation

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--[endif]-->Digital dental radiographic positioning and image labeling, covering the parallel technique, bisecting angle, radiographic positioning errors, and labial mounting

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--[endif]-->Interpretation of anatomy, covering normal radiographic anatomy, dentition and tooth numbers, deciduous and permanent teeth of canine and feline patients, eruption patterns and common and uncommon radiographic pathology observed in these animals

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--[endif]-->Standard imaging, radiographic anatomy, and interpretation of equine patients, as well as exotic pocket pets and zoological animals

Focusing on the fundamentals of dental radiographic imaging, interpretation, and applications to the oral cavity, Veterinary Oral Diagnostic Imaging is an essential resource for any veterinarian providing dental services as part of their practice, along with veterinary students and interns.

Table of Contents:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 History, Physiology, Modality Options, and Safety for Diagnostic Imaging of the Oral Cavity

History of Diagnostic Imaging

Discovery of X-rays

Developing of Safety Measures

Shortening of Exposure Time

Glass Plates to Film

Progression to Digital

Philosophy of Diagnostic Imaging

Choosing the Appropriate Modality

Ability to Interpret Findings

Radiographic Indications

Documentation of Disease

Value of Full Mouth Radiography

American Animal Hospital Association Guidelines Regarding Dental Radiography

Intraoral Dental Radiographic Equipment

Generators

Wall Mount units

Handheld Units

Mobile Units/Castor Mounted Units

Film

Standard Film

Digital Image Acquisition

Computed Radiography (CR) Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP) Plates (Indirect Plates)

Digital Radiography Image Sensors (Direct Plates)

Similarities of Indirect and Direct Plates

Radiographic Imaging

Basic Unit of an X-ray

Milliamperes (mA), Kilovoltage peak (kVp), and Exposure Time

Radiographic Densities

Radiopaque

Radiolucent

Digital Image Creation

Creation of a Digital Image

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Format (DICOM)

Pixels

Advanced Imaging Modalities

Computed Tomography

Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Definitions Related to Imaging Modalities

Sagittal Plane

Transverse Plane

Dorsal Plane

Computed Tomography Window Width and Window Level

Window Width

Window Level

Other Common Viewing Windows

Bone Window

Soft Tissue Window

Radiation Safety

Radiation Safety Apparel

Collimation

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

Time, Distance, and Shielding

Time

Distance

Shielding

Radiation Safety Equipment Inspection

Protective apparel

Care of Radiation Safety Equipment

Radiation Safety Inspection Protocol

Chapter 2 Digital Dental Radiographic Positioning and Image Labeling

Benefits of Proper Positioning

Practicing Techniques

Use of Position Indicating Device (PID)

Positioning Techniques

Patient Positioning

Sternal Recumbency

Lateral Recumbency

Dorsal Recumbency

Sensor/Plate/Film Placement

Basic Positioning of Sensor

Eliminating Unused Film Space

Visualization of the Crown and Space Apical to the Root

Intra Oral Parallel Technique

Ideal Radiographic Technique

Placement of Sensor for Parallel Technique

Size Matters

Alternative Positioning

Parallel Technique for Cats

Intra Oral Bisecting Angle Technique

Plane of the Tooth, Film, and the Angel that Bisects

Shadow Game: Elongation, Foreshortening, and the Bisecting Angle

Axis of the Sensor, the Tooth and the PID

Positioning of the Patient Matters

Anatomical Variations

Uses of the Bisecting Angle Technique

Occlusal Technique

Localize Tooth Roots

PID Perpendicular to the Target Area and Sensor

Extra Oral Technique

Maxillary Premolars and Molar in Felines

Eliminate Superimposition of Zygomatic Arch

Extraoral Labeling

?

€œAlmost Parallel?

€ or ?

€œNear Parallel?

€

Maxillary Premolars and Molar in Cats

Decrease Superimposition of Zygomatic Arch

Localization of Palatal Roots

Clark?

€™s Rule or ?

€œSLOB?

€ Same Lingual Opposite Buccal

Separation of Mesiobuccal and Mesiopalatal Roots

Techniques for Small Patients and Caudal Teeth

Combination of Techniques

Radiographing from a Mesial or Distal Projection

Technique Errors

Foreshortening

Underrepresentation of Disease

Elongation

Overrepresentation of Disease

Correction of Error

Position Bean Perpendicular to Bisecting Angle

Cone Cutting

Circular artifact

Reposition the PID

Reposition the Sensor

Increase the distance of the PID from the Sensor

Missing the Apex

2-4 mm of Hard or Soft Tissue Apical to Root

Reposition the Sensor

Reposition the PID

Flip Orientation of Sensor

Over and Under Exposed

Control of kVp, mA, or mAs

Underexposure

Increase kVp or mAs

Overexposure

Decrease kVp or mAs

Radiographic Artifacts

Direct Artifacts

Chemically Developed Radiographs

Contamination of Sensor

Damage to Sensor

Age of Equipment

Indirect Artifacts

Endotracheal Tubes

Pumice/Prophy Paste

Positioning Devices

Repeated Radiographs

Improper Positioning of PID

Elongation

Foreshortening

Improper Generator Settings

Overexposed

Underexposed

Improper Film Placement

Too Far out of the Oral Cavity

Too Far into the Oral Cavity

Sensor Placed Backwards

Chapter 3 Interpretation of Normal Radiographic Anatomy

Value of Intraoral Radiographic Imaging

Value of Radiographs in dogs

Value of Radiographs in Cats

Quality of images

Exposure Artifacts

Positioning Techniques

Positioning Artifacts

Mounting of Standard Dental Radiographs

Types of Mounting

Labial Mounting

Lingual Mounting

Labial Mounting of Standard Dental Radiographic Film

Lingual Mounting of Standard Film

Digital Radiographic Mounting

Labial Mounting- Positioning of Teeth

Determining Maxilla from Mandible

Determining Right from Left

Viewing of Maxillary and Mandibular Canines, Premolars and Molars

Viewing of Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors

Modified Triadan Numbering System

Deciduous vs Permanent Teeth

Eruption Patterns

Mixed Dentition

Interpretation of Images

Tooth Root Numbers

Maxillary Teeth

Mandibular Teeth

Evaluation of the Structures

Crown

Enamel

Pulp

Dentin

Root

Root Formation

Cementum

Abnormalities associated with Cementum

Periodontal Ligament

Chevron

Missing or Supernumerary Teeth

Supernumerary Roots

Reduced Number of Roots and Root Malformations

Developmental Root Abnormalities

Fusion

Concrescence

Gemination

Dilacerated Tooth Roots

Bone

Bone Loss

Horizontal Bone Loss

Vertical Bone Loss

Furcation Bone Loss

Interpretation of Radiographic Shadows

Nomenclature

Mesial

Distal

Lingual

Palatal

Coronal

Apical

Facial

Buccal

Vestibular

Labial

Occlusal

Diagrams of Normal Radiographic Anatomy of the Dog and Cat

Chapter 4 Interpretation of Common Oral Pathology in the Canine Patient

Periodontal Disease

Stages of Periodontal Disease

Types of Bone Loss

Horizontal Bone Loss

Vertical Bone Loss

Furcation Bone Loss

Supernumerary Roots and Teeth

Canine Tooth Resorption

Types of Tooth Resorption

External Surface Resorption

External Replacement Resorption

External Inflammatory Resorption

External Cervical Root Surface Resorption

Treatment of Tooth Resorption

Odontogenic Cysts

Dentigerous Cysts

Tooth Fractures

Root fractures

Retained Tooth Roots

Endodontic Disease

Etiology

Radiographic Signs of Endodontic Disease

Widened Periodontal Ligament Space

Loss of Lamina Dura

Periapical Lucency

External and Internal Root Resorption

Widened Pulp Canal

Pulp Canal Calcification

Apical Periodontitis

Acute Apical Abscess

Endodontic Therapy

Attrition and Abrasion

Eruption Abnormalities

Persistent Deciduous Teeth

Abnormal Eruption

Chapter 5 Interpretation of Common Oral Pathology in the Feline Patient

Periodontal Disease

Stages of Periodontal Disease

Types of Bone Loss

Horizontal Bone Loss

Vertical Bone Loss

Furcation Bone Loss

Buccal Alveolar Expansile Osteitis

Tooth Resorption

Stages of Tooth Resorption

Types of Tooth Resorption

Criteria for Performing Crown Amputation/Intentional Root Retention

Supraeruption/Extrusion

Osteomyelitis and Osteitis

Retained Tooth Roots

Endodontic Disease

Chapter 6 Oral Surgery: Neoplasia and Cystic Conditions

Radiographic indications of neoplasia (benign and malignant)

Benign oral tumors

Canine Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma (CAA)

Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma (POF)

Feline Inductive Odontogenic Tumor (FIOT)

Malignant oral tumors

Nontonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PSCC)

Oral Malignant Melanoma (MM)

Fibrosarcoma (FSA)

Osteosarcoma (OSA)

Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma (MLO)

Radiographic indications of cystic conditions

Dentigerous Cyst

Radicular Cyst

Canine Furcation Cyst

Surgical Ciliated Cyst

Lateral Periodontal Cyst

Odontogenic Keratocyst/Canine Odontogenic Parakeratinized Cyst

Compound and complex odontomas

Limitations of dental radiography for neoplasia

Chapter 7 Interpretation of Unique Pathology in the Canine and Feline Patient

Unique conditions with predilection for canine patients

Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO)

Idiopathic Calvarial Hyperostosis

Periostitis Ossificans (PO)

Malformed Roots/Root Hypoplasia

Dens invaginatus/Dens in Dente

Unique conditions observed in both canine and feline patients

Masticatory Myositis

Pulp Stones and Denticles

Osteosclerosis

Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Enamel Pearls

Unique conditions with predilection for feline patients

Dentition Abnormalities

Fused Roots

Supernumerary Roots

Supernumerary Teeth

Abnormal Eruption

Unerupted Teeth

Patellar Fracture and Dental Anomaly Syndrome (PADS) or Knees and Teeth Syndrome

Chapter 8 Diagnostic Imaging of Exotic Pet Mammals and Zoo Animals

Dental Diagnostic Imaging for Non-Traditional (Exotic) Animals

General considerations for Exotic Companion Mammals

Restraint

Knowledge of normal anatomy

General Positioning and Projection Recommendations

Standard Radiography

Standard Radiographic Positions

Lateral and dorsoventral

Oblique Views

Rostrocaudal

Intraoral radiographs

Intraoral films used extraorally

Magnification techniques

Anatomical variations

Rabbits

Guinea Pigs and Chinchillas

Rats, Mice, Hamsters, Gerbils and other commonly kept rodent pets

Ferrets

African Pygmy Hedgehogs

Sugar Gliders

Prairie dogs

Captive Non-domestic or ?

€œWild?

€ Mammals

Small Zoologic species

Non-human Primates

Carnivores

Radiographic Positioning and Techniques in Captive Animals

Animal Training

Dental Conditions in Zoologic Animals

Trauma

Attrition

Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (MPPD)

Molar Progression

Advanced Diagnostic Imaging in Exotic Pet Mammals and Zoo Animals

Standard Computed Tomography

Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Micro-Computed Tomography

Considerations for Computed Tomography

Chapter 9 Diagnostic Imaging and Interpretation of the Equine Patient

Introduction to Equine Dental Radiographs

Radiation Safety

Radiographic Systems

Direct Digital Radiographic System

Computed Tomography

Standard Radiographic System

Radiographic Technique

Guidelines for Radiographic Views

Concepts to Understand

Directing the Primary Beam Through the Interproximal Spaces

Open Mouth Oblique Cheek Teeth Projections

Radiographic Views

Lateral View

Dorsoventral View

Dorsal Ventral Oblique Projection of the axillary cheek teeth

Ventral Dorsal Oblique Projection of maxillary cheek teeth

Ventral Dorsal Oblique Projection of the mandibular cheek teeth

Dorsal Ventral Oblique Projection of the mandibular cheek teeth

Occlusal Intraoral View of the maxillary incisors and canines

Occlusal Intraoral View of the mandibular incisors and canines

Evaluation of an Image

Labial mounting

Radiographic anatomy

Radiographic changes in dental disease

Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH)

Apical infections

Periodontal disease

Sinusitis

Neoplasia

Other Common abnormalities

Chapter 10 Advanced Imaging of the Veterinary Patient

Introduction to the use of advanced imaging techniques in the maxillofacial region

Choosing Advanced Imaging

Determining Between MRI or CT

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Technical principles of MRI

T1 and T2 Weighted Sequences

Other MRI Sequences

Indications for use of MRI over CT in the maxillofacial region

Temporomandibular joint disease

Salivary gland disease

Abnormalities in the muscles of mastication and inability to open/close mouth

Conclusions on the clinical indication for use of MRI

Computed Tomography (CT)

Technical principles of Multi-Detector CT (MDCT)

Technical principles of Cone Beam CT (CBCT)

Viewing CT images

Differences in imaging characteristics between CBCT and MDCT

Spatial resolution

Soft tissue imaging

Artifacts

Other impactful differences in practical use between MDCT and CBCT

Indications for use of either MDCT or CBCT in the maxillofacial region

Maxillofacial trauma

Bony pathology

Osteomyelitis/osteonecrosis

Fibro-osseous disease

Osseous neoplasia

Clefts

Indications for MDCT only (not CBCT) in the maxillofacial region

Oral neoplasia with a soft tissue component

Soft tissue pathology

Indications for CBCT only (not MDCT) in the maxillofacial region

Dentoalveolar trauma

Periodontal disease

Endodontic disease

Tooth resorption

Diagnosis and treatment of missing teeth

Conclusions on the clinical indication for use of CBCT versus MDCT